Publications
2021 |
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R. Witteck, S. Blankemeyer, M. Siebert, M. Köntges, and H. Schulte-Huxel Partial shading of one solar cell in a photovoltaic module with 3-terminal cell interconnection Journal Article Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 219 , 110811, (2021), ISSN: 0927-0248. Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: 3-terminal solar cell, PV module reliability, Solar module interconnection @article{Witteck2021b,
title = {Partial shading of one solar cell in a photovoltaic module with 3-terminal cell interconnection}, author = {R Witteck and S Blankemeyer and M Siebert and M Köntges and H Schulte-Huxel}, doi = {10.1016/j.solmat.2020.110811}, issn = {0927-0248}, year = {2021}, date = {2021-01-01}, journal = {Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells}, volume = {219}, pages = {110811}, abstract = {We examine the electrical and thermal characteristics of a photovoltaic module with three-terminal cell interconnection when partially shading a solar cell by experimentally verified modeling. For the interconnection of multi junction and tandem solar cells a two- (2T), three- (3T), and four-terminal (4T) cell architecture is conceivable. The 3T architecture featuring a combination of parallel and series interconnection combines the advantageous of 2T and 4T cells without their drawbacks. We build a photovoltaic (PV) module with silicon solar cells in a 3T tandem solar cell interconnection configuration (3TTSC PV module) to emulate a solar module with 20 3TTSC. To the best of our knowledge, no 3TTSC PV module with more than five solar cells has been shown in previous studies. We measure the effect of partially shading a 3TTSC in this module and develop an electrical simulation to model our experimental results. In the simulations we determine the dissipated power in the top and bottom cells due to the current mismatch caused by partial shading. Our results reveal that the shaded top and bottom cell as well as the adjacent top cell dissipate power when a single 3TTSC is shaded. The two top cells share the dissipated power. Our simulated power dissipation correlates with temperature measurements of the 3TTSC PV module in a steady-state sun simulator. Therefore, in a 3TTSC PV module the temperature of a shaded cell is lower than in a module with 2T configuration. This is an advantage of PV modules with 3T tandem solar cells in terms of reliability and long-term stability.}, keywords = {3-terminal solar cell, PV module reliability, Solar module interconnection}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } We examine the electrical and thermal characteristics of a photovoltaic module with three-terminal cell interconnection when partially shading a solar cell by experimentally verified modeling. For the interconnection of multi junction and tandem solar cells a two- (2T), three- (3T), and four-terminal (4T) cell architecture is conceivable. The 3T architecture featuring a combination of parallel and series interconnection combines the advantageous of 2T and 4T cells without their drawbacks. We build a photovoltaic (PV) module with silicon solar cells in a 3T tandem solar cell interconnection configuration (3TTSC PV module) to emulate a solar module with 20 3TTSC. To the best of our knowledge, no 3TTSC PV module with more than five solar cells has been shown in previous studies. We measure the effect of partially shading a 3TTSC in this module and develop an electrical simulation to model our experimental results. In the simulations we determine the dissipated power in the top and bottom cells due to the current mismatch caused by partial shading. Our results reveal that the shaded top and bottom cell as well as the adjacent top cell dissipate power when a single 3TTSC is shaded. The two top cells share the dissipated power. Our simulated power dissipation correlates with temperature measurements of the 3TTSC PV module in a steady-state sun simulator. Therefore, in a 3TTSC PV module the temperature of a shaded cell is lower than in a module with 2T configuration. This is an advantage of PV modules with 3T tandem solar cells in terms of reliability and long-term stability.
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K. Sporleder, M. Turek, N. Schüler, V. Naumann, D. Hevisov, C. Pöblau, S. Großer, H. Schulte-Huxel, J. Bauer, and C. Hagendorf Quick test for reversible and irreversible PID of bifacial PERC solar cells Journal Article Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 219 , 110755, (2021), ISSN: 0927-0248. Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Bifacial PERC, crystalline silicon, PID Test, Potential-induced degradation, Silicon corrosion, Solar Cells @article{Sporleder2021b,
title = {Quick test for reversible and irreversible PID of bifacial PERC solar cells}, author = {K Sporleder and M Turek and N Schüler and V Naumann and D Hevisov and C Pöblau and S Großer and H Schulte-Huxel and J Bauer and C Hagendorf}, doi = {10.1016/j.solmat.2020.110755}, issn = {0927-0248}, year = {2021}, date = {2021-01-01}, journal = {Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells}, volume = {219}, pages = {110755}, abstract = {High voltage stress at the rear side of bifacial PERC cells leads to severe power losses. In contrast to monofacial PERC solar cells, reversible de-polarization related potential induced degradation (PID-p) and irreversible corrosive potential induced degradation (PID-c) can occur. Our results show that a reliable assessment of the solar cells power losses requires a modified PID test method which includes illumination in addition to the high voltage stress test. Furthermore, a recovery step needs to be added to the test scheme to separate reversible PID-p contributions from irreversible PID-c damages. We show that both, the degree of degradation as well as the contributions of PID-p and PIC-c depend sensitively on the solar cell under consideration. Thus, we propose to include both illumination during PID stress as well as a recovery step in the PID test scheme for bifacial PERC cells. Additionally, we show that the most sensitive cell parameter for the detection of rear side PID is given by the rear side measurement of the short circuit current. Finally, we present results showing that a 0.1 sun illumination during this characterization step is sufficient for an assessment of the PID. Based on these results, we propose a test setup which combines the required stress test conditions with an in-situ tracking of the PID.}, keywords = {Bifacial PERC, crystalline silicon, PID Test, Potential-induced degradation, Silicon corrosion, Solar Cells}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } High voltage stress at the rear side of bifacial PERC cells leads to severe power losses. In contrast to monofacial PERC solar cells, reversible de-polarization related potential induced degradation (PID-p) and irreversible corrosive potential induced degradation (PID-c) can occur. Our results show that a reliable assessment of the solar cells power losses requires a modified PID test method which includes illumination in addition to the high voltage stress test. Furthermore, a recovery step needs to be added to the test scheme to separate reversible PID-p contributions from irreversible PID-c damages. We show that both, the degree of degradation as well as the contributions of PID-p and PIC-c depend sensitively on the solar cell under consideration. Thus, we propose to include both illumination during PID stress as well as a recovery step in the PID test scheme for bifacial PERC cells. Additionally, we show that the most sensitive cell parameter for the detection of rear side PID is given by the rear side measurement of the short circuit current. Finally, we present results showing that a 0.1 sun illumination during this characterization step is sufficient for an assessment of the PID. Based on these results, we propose a test setup which combines the required stress test conditions with an in-situ tracking of the PID.
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2020 |
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G. M. Wilson, M. M. Al-Jassim, W. K. Metzger, S. W. Glunz, P. Verlinden, X. Gang, L. M. Mansfield, B. J. Stanbery, K. Zhu, Y. Yan, J. J. Berry, A. J. Ptak, F. Dimroth, B. M. Kayes, A. C. Tamboli, R. Peibst, K. R. Catchpole, M. Reese, C. Klinga, P. Denholm, M. Morjaria, M. G. Deceglie, J. M. Freeman, M. A. Mikofski, D. C. Jordan, G. TamizhMani, and D. B. Sulas The 2020 Photovoltaic Technologies Roadmap Journal Article Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 53 (49), 493001, (2020). Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: solar @article{Wilson2020,
title = {The 2020 Photovoltaic Technologies Roadmap}, author = {G M Wilson and M M Al-Jassim and W K Metzger and S W Glunz and P Verlinden and X Gang and L M Mansfield and B J Stanbery and K Zhu and Y Yan and J J Berry and A J Ptak and F Dimroth and B M Kayes and A C Tamboli and R Peibst and K R Catchpole and M Reese and C Klinga and P Denholm and M Morjaria and M G Deceglie and J M Freeman and M A Mikofski and D C Jordan and G TamizhMani and D B Sulas}, doi = {10.1088/1361-6463/ab9c6a}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-12-02}, journal = {Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics}, volume = {53}, number = {49}, pages = {493001}, abstract = {Over the past decade, the global cumulative installed photovoltaic (PV) capacity has grown exponentially, reaching 591 GW in 2019. Rapid progress was driven in large part by improvements in solar cell and module efficiencies, reduction in manufacturing costs and the realization of levelized costs of electricity that are now generally less than other energy sources and approaching similar costs with storage included. Given this success, it is a particularly fitting time to assess the state of the photovoltaics field and the technology milestones that must be achieved to maximize future impact and forward momentum. This roadmap outlines the critical areas of development in all of the major PV conversion technologies, advances needed to enable terawatt-scale PV installation, and cross-cutting topics on reliability, characterization, and applications. Each perspective provides a status update, summarizes the limiting immediate and long-term technical challenges and highlights breakthroughs that are needed to address them. In total, this roadmap is intended to guide researchers, funding agencies and industry in identifying the areas of development that will have the most impact on PV technology in the upcoming years.}, keywords = {solar}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Over the past decade, the global cumulative installed photovoltaic (PV) capacity has grown exponentially, reaching 591 GW in 2019. Rapid progress was driven in large part by improvements in solar cell and module efficiencies, reduction in manufacturing costs and the realization of levelized costs of electricity that are now generally less than other energy sources and approaching similar costs with storage included. Given this success, it is a particularly fitting time to assess the state of the photovoltaics field and the technology milestones that must be achieved to maximize future impact and forward momentum. This roadmap outlines the critical areas of development in all of the major PV conversion technologies, advances needed to enable terawatt-scale PV installation, and cross-cutting topics on reliability, characterization, and applications. Each perspective provides a status update, summarizes the limiting immediate and long-term technical challenges and highlights breakthroughs that are needed to address them. In total, this roadmap is intended to guide researchers, funding agencies and industry in identifying the areas of development that will have the most impact on PV technology in the upcoming years.
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M. Yasin Automatisierte Effizienzkontrolle von Wärmezentralen in Mehrfamilienhäusern Presentation/Poster Online Event, 13.11.2020, (12. EffizienzTagung Bauen+Modernisieren). @misc{Yasin2020,
title = {Automatisierte Effizienzkontrolle von Wärmezentralen in Mehrfamilienhäusern}, author = {M Yasin}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-11-13}, address = {Online Event}, note = {12. EffizienzTagung Bauen+Modernisieren}, keywords = {MFH}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {presentation} } |
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K. Ding, T. Grube, J. Hauch, N. Henze, M. Heinrich, R. Schlatmann, R. Peibst, A. Colsmann, and J. Binder Photovoltaik für den Straßenverkehr im Energiesystem der Zukunft Presentation/Poster Online Event, 04.11.2020, (FVEE-Jahrestagung 2020 – Forschung für den European Green Deal). Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Photovoltaik @misc{Ding2020,
title = {Photovoltaik für den Straßenverkehr im Energiesystem der Zukunft}, author = {K Ding and T Grube and J Hauch and N Henze and M Heinrich and R Schlatmann and R Peibst and A Colsmann and J Binder}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-11-04}, address = {Online Event}, abstract = {Um das Klima nachhaltig schützen zu können, ist unter anderem die Elektrifizierung des Straßentransports mit erneuerbarem Strom unabdingbar. Die Photovoltaik wird dabei eine wesentliche Rolle spielen. Der Vortrag geht zuerst auf die Studie „Kosteneffiziente und klimagerechte Transformationsstrategien für das deutsche Energiesystem bis zum Jahr 2050“ ein und erläutert die verschiedenen Szenarien von PV-Integration in den deutschen Straßentransportsektor. Diverse Solartechnologien können z.B. in der Ladeinfrastruktur als dezentrale und zentrale Lösungen für Batterien- sowie Brennstoffzellen-Elektrofahrzeuge eingesetzt oder direkt in Fahrzeuge integriert werden.}, note = {FVEE-Jahrestagung 2020 – Forschung für den European Green Deal}, keywords = {Photovoltaik}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {presentation} } Um das Klima nachhaltig schützen zu können, ist unter anderem die Elektrifizierung des Straßentransports mit erneuerbarem Strom unabdingbar. Die Photovoltaik wird dabei eine wesentliche Rolle spielen. Der Vortrag geht zuerst auf die Studie „Kosteneffiziente und klimagerechte Transformationsstrategien für das deutsche Energiesystem bis zum Jahr 2050“ ein und erläutert die verschiedenen Szenarien von PV-Integration in den deutschen Straßentransportsektor. Diverse Solartechnologien können z.B. in der Ladeinfrastruktur als dezentrale und zentrale Lösungen für Batterien- sowie Brennstoffzellen-Elektrofahrzeuge eingesetzt oder direkt in Fahrzeuge integriert werden.
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A. Moldovan, K. Ding, U. Rau, L. Korte, and R. Peibst Hocheffiziente Solarzellen durch selektive Kontakte Presentation/Poster Online Event, 04.11.2020, (FVEE-Jahrestagung 2020 – Forschung für den European Green Deal). Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: selektive Kontakte @misc{Moldovan2020,
title = {Hocheffiziente Solarzellen durch selektive Kontakte}, author = {A Moldovan and K Ding and U Rau and L Korte and R Peibst}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-11-04}, address = {Online Event}, abstract = {Dieser Vortrag adressiert wissenschaftliche und wirtschaftliche Aspekte für die industrielle sowie kostengünstige Umsetzung von Solarzellenkonzepten mit selektiven passivierenden Kontakten. Hierbei wird die aktuelle Entwicklung der Marktanteile der jeweiligen Technologien im Hinblick auf die Wiederansiedlung der Fertigung in Europa dargestellt und diskutiert was zum einen die technologisch anspruchsvollsten Prozessschritte sind und zum anderen welche Prozessrouten aus ökonomischer Sicht aktuell am sinnvollsten sind. Abschließend wird betrachtet welche Vorteile diese Technologien in Bezug auf den ökologischen Footprint haben und wo die Chancen liegen diesen zu reduzieren.}, note = {FVEE-Jahrestagung 2020 – Forschung für den European Green Deal}, keywords = {selektive Kontakte}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {presentation} } Dieser Vortrag adressiert wissenschaftliche und wirtschaftliche Aspekte für die industrielle sowie kostengünstige Umsetzung von Solarzellenkonzepten mit selektiven passivierenden Kontakten. Hierbei wird die aktuelle Entwicklung der Marktanteile der jeweiligen Technologien im Hinblick auf die Wiederansiedlung der Fertigung in Europa dargestellt und diskutiert was zum einen die technologisch anspruchsvollsten Prozessschritte sind und zum anderen welche Prozessrouten aus ökonomischer Sicht aktuell am sinnvollsten sind. Abschließend wird betrachtet welche Vorteile diese Technologien in Bezug auf den ökologischen Footprint haben und wo die Chancen liegen diesen zu reduzieren.
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F. Giovannetti, F. Hüsing, D. Büchner, H. Gebhardt, D. Schmidt, C. Bongs, L. Schnabel, F. Noll, E. Schill, F. Schmidt, M. Jordan, D. Schüwer, B. Büttner, and A. Hauer Solar- und Umweltenergie für effiziente Wärme- und Kälteerzeugung Presentation/Poster Online Event, 04.11.2020, (FVEE-Jahrestagung 2020 – Forschung für den European Green Deal). Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Solare Kälte, Solare Wärme @misc{Giovannetti2020b,
title = {Solar- und Umweltenergie für effiziente Wärme- und Kälteerzeugung}, author = {F Giovannetti and F Hüsing and D Büchner and H Gebhardt and D Schmidt and C Bongs and L Schnabel and F Noll and E Schill and F Schmidt and M Jordan and D Schüwer and B Büttner and A Hauer}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-11-04}, address = {Online Event}, abstract = {Die Transformation des Energiesystems im Wärmesektor stellt eine große Herausforderung dar, die dringend konkrete Lösungen verlangt. Der Beitrag präsentiert die spezifische Marktsituation für Wärmepumpen und Solarenergiesysteme auf nationaler und europäischer Ebene, mit Fokus auf Potenzial, Entwicklungstand und Hemmnisse. Darauf aufbauend werden zentrale Forschungsaufgaben für die Beschleunigung des Dekarbonisierungsprozesses sowie die Positionierung der deutschen Forschung im europäischen Umfeld anhand von repräsentativen Projektbeispielen diskutiert.}, note = {FVEE-Jahrestagung 2020 – Forschung für den European Green Deal}, keywords = {Solare Kälte, Solare Wärme}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {presentation} } Die Transformation des Energiesystems im Wärmesektor stellt eine große Herausforderung dar, die dringend konkrete Lösungen verlangt. Der Beitrag präsentiert die spezifische Marktsituation für Wärmepumpen und Solarenergiesysteme auf nationaler und europäischer Ebene, mit Fokus auf Potenzial, Entwicklungstand und Hemmnisse. Darauf aufbauend werden zentrale Forschungsaufgaben für die Beschleunigung des Dekarbonisierungsprozesses sowie die Positionierung der deutschen Forschung im europäischen Umfeld anhand von repräsentativen Projektbeispielen diskutiert.
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J. Manara, B. Büttner, B. Rau, S. Herkel, B. Chhugani, P. Hoffmann, and F. Schmidt Energieeffizienz – Europäische Erfolgsmodelle Presentation/Poster Online Event, 04.11.2020, (FVEE-Jahrestagung 2020 – Forschung für den European Green Deal). Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Energieeffizienz @misc{Manara2020,
title = {Energieeffizienz – Europäische Erfolgsmodelle}, author = {J Manara and B Büttner and B Rau and S Herkel and B Chhugani and P Hoffmann and F Schmidt}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-11-04}, address = {Online Event}, abstract = {Der Vortrag stellt aktuelle F&E-Aktivitäten zur Erhöhung der Energieeffizienz vor. Im Mittelpunkt stehen die Sektoren Gebäude (Fassade, PVT-Kollektoren) und Industrie (z. B. Kraftwerkstechnik). Dabei wird jeweils der Beitrag einer Energieeffizienz-Steigerung zur optimalen Ausnutzung der eingesetzten Energie erläutert. Darüber hinaus zeigt der Vortrag Vernetzungen auf europäischer Ebene auf, die eine erfolgreiche Umsetzung von Energieeffizienz-Optionen ermöglichen.}, note = {FVEE-Jahrestagung 2020 – Forschung für den European Green Deal}, keywords = {Energieeffizienz}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {presentation} } Der Vortrag stellt aktuelle F&E-Aktivitäten zur Erhöhung der Energieeffizienz vor. Im Mittelpunkt stehen die Sektoren Gebäude (Fassade, PVT-Kollektoren) und Industrie (z. B. Kraftwerkstechnik). Dabei wird jeweils der Beitrag einer Energieeffizienz-Steigerung zur optimalen Ausnutzung der eingesetzten Energie erläutert. Darüber hinaus zeigt der Vortrag Vernetzungen auf europäischer Ebene auf, die eine erfolgreiche Umsetzung von Energieeffizienz-Optionen ermöglichen.
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A. Leipprand, V. Lenz, D. Thrän, T. Lorenz, P. Nitz, M. Dahmen, M. Robinius, R. Niepelt, R. Dittmeyer, D. Stapf, R. Pitz-Paal, and M. Jordan Auf dem Weg zur klimaneutralen Industrie – Herausforderungen und Strategien Presentation/Poster Online Event, 03.11.2020, (FVEE-Jahrestagung 2020 – Forschung für den European Green Deal). Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Energiesystem @misc{Leipprand2020,
title = {Auf dem Weg zur klimaneutralen Industrie – Herausforderungen und Strategien}, author = {A Leipprand and V Lenz and D Thrän and T Lorenz and P Nitz and M Dahmen and M Robinius and R Niepelt and R Dittmeyer and D Stapf and R Pitz-Paal and M Jordan}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-11-03}, address = {Online Event}, abstract = {Die Transformation hin zu einer klimaneutralen Produktion stellt die Industrie vor große Herausforderungen. Der Vortrag zeigt, welche Technologien und Strategien hierfür derzeit entwickelt und erprobt werden. Er stellt Forschungsprojekte aus dem FVEE zum daraus resultierenden Bedarf an erneuerbarem Strom und strombasierten synthetischen Energieträgern vor und präsentiert aktuelle Arbeiten zu politischen Instrumenten und Strategien für die Umsetzung der Transformation.}, note = {FVEE-Jahrestagung 2020 – Forschung für den European Green Deal}, keywords = {Energiesystem}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {presentation} } Die Transformation hin zu einer klimaneutralen Produktion stellt die Industrie vor große Herausforderungen. Der Vortrag zeigt, welche Technologien und Strategien hierfür derzeit entwickelt und erprobt werden. Er stellt Forschungsprojekte aus dem FVEE zum daraus resultierenden Bedarf an erneuerbarem Strom und strombasierten synthetischen Energieträgern vor und präsentiert aktuelle Arbeiten zu politischen Instrumenten und Strategien für die Umsetzung der Transformation.
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A. Bett, G. Krugel, R. Brödner, M. O‘Sullivan, H. C. Gils, J. Wenske, J. Hauch, R. Schlatmann, B. Lim, and A. Püttner Erneuerbare Energie - Chancen einer industriellen Wertschöpfung in Europa Presentation/Poster Online Event, 03.11.2020, (FVEE-Jahrestagung 2020 – Forschung für den European Green Deal). Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Green Deal @misc{Bett2020,
title = {Erneuerbare Energie - Chancen einer industriellen Wertschöpfung in Europa}, author = {A Bett and G Krugel and R Brödner and M O‘Sullivan and H C Gils and J Wenske and J Hauch and R Schlatmann and B Lim and A Püttner}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-11-03}, address = {Online Event}, abstract = {Die technologischen Fortschritte in den letzten Jahren haben dazu geführt, dass Strom aus erneuerbaren Energien von neuen Kraftwerken bei Vollkostenrechnung konkurrenzfähig ist. Nun gilt es, sich den Zugang zu den Technologien zu sicher bzw. diesen zu erhalten. Dazu sollte in Deutschland und Europa das Know-How für die Technologien der Erneuerbaren Energien und eine industrielle Fertigung vorhanden sein. Dies macht die Energieversorgung unabhängiger von Importen und schafft technisch hochwertige Arbeitsplätze und volkswirtschaftliche Wertschöpfung. Im Vortrag wird der aktuelle Stand der industriellen Fertigungskapazitäten und ihrer Potenziale in Deutschland/Europa für die zentral wichtigen Technologien der Energiewende dargestellt und diskutiert.}, note = {FVEE-Jahrestagung 2020 – Forschung für den European Green Deal}, keywords = {Green Deal}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {presentation} } Die technologischen Fortschritte in den letzten Jahren haben dazu geführt, dass Strom aus erneuerbaren Energien von neuen Kraftwerken bei Vollkostenrechnung konkurrenzfähig ist. Nun gilt es, sich den Zugang zu den Technologien zu sicher bzw. diesen zu erhalten. Dazu sollte in Deutschland und Europa das Know-How für die Technologien der Erneuerbaren Energien und eine industrielle Fertigung vorhanden sein. Dies macht die Energieversorgung unabhängiger von Importen und schafft technisch hochwertige Arbeitsplätze und volkswirtschaftliche Wertschöpfung. Im Vortrag wird der aktuelle Stand der industriellen Fertigungskapazitäten und ihrer Potenziale in Deutschland/Europa für die zentral wichtigen Technologien der Energiewende dargestellt und diskutiert.
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P. Kornatz, J. Daniel-Gromke, D. Thrän, B. Krautkremer, O. Mercker, K. Laub, P. Matschoss, N. Dahmen, C. Rösch, and F. Musonda Bioenergie als intelligenter Baustein für ein nachhaltiges europäisches Energiesystem Presentation/Poster Online Event, 03.11.2020, (FVEE-Jahrestagung 2020 – Forschung für den European Green Deal). Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Bioenergie @misc{Kornatz2020,
title = {Bioenergie als intelligenter Baustein für ein nachhaltiges europäisches Energiesystem }, author = {P Kornatz and J Daniel-Gromke and D Thrän and B Krautkremer and O Mercker and K Laub and P Matschoss and N Dahmen and C Rösch and F Musonda}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-11-03}, address = {Online Event}, abstract = {Wie kann Bioenergie im europäischen Rahmen als intelligenter Baustein zur Erfüllung der europäischen Klimaschutz-Ziele beitragen und darüber hinaus eine Komponente im Sinne der Kreislaufwirtschaft sein? Die Bioenergieforschung bildet hierfür eine wichtige Grundlage. Daher ist es wichtig, die bisherigen Leistungen und vor allem die notwendigen Meilensteine für die zukünftige Ausrichtung der Bioenergieforschung aufzuzeigen sowie im aktuellen Kontext die Chancen und Risiken globaler Krisen zu betrachten.}, note = {FVEE-Jahrestagung 2020 – Forschung für den European Green Deal}, keywords = {Bioenergie}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {presentation} } Wie kann Bioenergie im europäischen Rahmen als intelligenter Baustein zur Erfüllung der europäischen Klimaschutz-Ziele beitragen und darüber hinaus eine Komponente im Sinne der Kreislaufwirtschaft sein? Die Bioenergieforschung bildet hierfür eine wichtige Grundlage. Daher ist es wichtig, die bisherigen Leistungen und vor allem die notwendigen Meilensteine für die zukünftige Ausrichtung der Bioenergieforschung aufzuzeigen sowie im aktuellen Kontext die Chancen und Risiken globaler Krisen zu betrachten.
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M. Schmidt, F. Müller-Langer, J. Kretschmar, C. Agert, J. Bard, C. Hebling, H. Heinrichs, M. Robinius, R. Niepelt, R. Dittmeyer, and F. Graf Grüner Wasserstoff als Schlüsseltechnologie für die europäische Energiewende Presentation/Poster Online Event, 02.11.2020, (FVEE-Jahrestagung 2020 – Forschung für den European Green Deal). Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: Wasserstoff @misc{Schmidt2020b,
title = {Grüner Wasserstoff als Schlüsseltechnologie für die europäische Energiewende }, author = {M Schmidt and F Müller-Langer and J Kretschmar and C Agert and J Bard and C Hebling and H Heinrichs and M Robinius and R Niepelt and R Dittmeyer and F Graf}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-11-02}, address = {Online Event}, abstract = {Der Vortrag untersucht, welche Bedeutung Wasserstoff zukünftig in Europa und im European Green Deal haben wird. Welche Rolle spielen Import und Export und wie können diese für die Zielerfüllung genutzt werden? Welche Rolle spielt Wasserstoff für die klimaneutrale Produktion in den Branchen Chemie, Stahl und Raffinerien? Welche Rolle hat Wasserstoff als klimaneutraler Energieträger in den Sektoren Verkehr, Strom und Wärme? }, note = {FVEE-Jahrestagung 2020 – Forschung für den European Green Deal}, keywords = {Wasserstoff}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {presentation} } Der Vortrag untersucht, welche Bedeutung Wasserstoff zukünftig in Europa und im European Green Deal haben wird. Welche Rolle spielen Import und Export und wie können diese für die Zielerfüllung genutzt werden? Welche Rolle spielt Wasserstoff für die klimaneutrale Produktion in den Branchen Chemie, Stahl und Raffinerien? Welche Rolle hat Wasserstoff als klimaneutraler Energieträger in den Sektoren Verkehr, Strom und Wärme?
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R. Witteck, M. Siebert, S. Blankemeyer, H. Schulte-Huxel, and M. Köntges Three Bypass Diodes Architecture at the Limit Journal Article IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 10 (6), 1828-1838, (2020). Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Breakdown characteristics, hot cells, solar module reliability @article{Witteck2020c,
title = {Three Bypass Diodes Architecture at the Limit}, author = {R Witteck and M Siebert and S Blankemeyer and H Schulte-Huxel and M Köntges}, doi = {10.1109/JPHOTOV.2020.3021348}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-11-01}, journal = {IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {1828-1838}, abstract = {In this work, we demonstrate that partial shading of one solar cell in a state-of-the-art monocrystalline photovoltaic module with three bypass diodes results in hot cells with critical peak temperatures of 164 ∘ C. We examine two solar modules in the IEC 61215-2 MQT 09 hot-spot endurance test, one with 367.3 W P featuring 72 full-cells and the other with 388.6 W P featuring 144 half-cells. For the solar module with 72 solar cells, we measure a maximum temperature of 164 ∘ C, which results in a degradation of the encapsulation material and increases the risk of solar module failure. The high temperature results from the hot cell effect due to the power dissipation in the reverse-biased solar cell caused by partial shading. Our experiments show that the half-cell solar module is advantageous in terms of solar cell shading compared to the full-cell solar module. Although the half-cell solar module has a higher power output than the full-cell solar module, we measure a cooler peak temperature of 150 ∘ C. However, under certain shading conditions, the half-cell solar module can exhibit similar temperatures as the full-cell solar module. Based on our experimental results, we develop an electrical and a thermal model to predict the temperature of novel high-power solar modules with solar cells from larger silicon wafer formats in case of partial cell shading. Our predictions consider the trends of further increasing solar cell and module efficiencies, larger silicon wafer formats, and larger solar modules. We simulate a maximum peak temperature of 176 ∘ C at the solar module’s surface, which significantly increases the risk of solar module failure. Our results show that new high-power solar modules employing solar cells that are made from larger silicon wafer formats need a new protection against overheating. Three bypass diodes per solar module are no longer sufficient.}, keywords = {Breakdown characteristics, hot cells, solar module reliability}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } In this work, we demonstrate that partial shading of one solar cell in a state-of-the-art monocrystalline photovoltaic module with three bypass diodes results in hot cells with critical peak temperatures of 164 ∘ C. We examine two solar modules in the IEC 61215-2 MQT 09 hot-spot endurance test, one with 367.3 W P featuring 72 full-cells and the other with 388.6 W P featuring 144 half-cells. For the solar module with 72 solar cells, we measure a maximum temperature of 164 ∘ C, which results in a degradation of the encapsulation material and increases the risk of solar module failure. The high temperature results from the hot cell effect due to the power dissipation in the reverse-biased solar cell caused by partial shading. Our experiments show that the half-cell solar module is advantageous in terms of solar cell shading compared to the full-cell solar module. Although the half-cell solar module has a higher power output than the full-cell solar module, we measure a cooler peak temperature of 150 ∘ C. However, under certain shading conditions, the half-cell solar module can exhibit similar temperatures as the full-cell solar module. Based on our experimental results, we develop an electrical and a thermal model to predict the temperature of novel high-power solar modules with solar cells from larger silicon wafer formats in case of partial cell shading. Our predictions consider the trends of further increasing solar cell and module efficiencies, larger silicon wafer formats, and larger solar modules. We simulate a maximum peak temperature of 176 ∘ C at the solar module’s surface, which significantly increases the risk of solar module failure. Our results show that new high-power solar modules employing solar cells that are made from larger silicon wafer formats need a new protection against overheating. Three bypass diodes per solar module are no longer sufficient.
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M. Müller, B. Wolpensinger, B. Min, G. Fischer, P. Palinginis, and D. H. Neuhaus IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 10 (6), 1642-1647, (2020). Links | BibTeX | Tags: ocal back-surface-field (LBSF) thickness, open-circuit voltage ANOVA, Passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) solar cells, Silicon solar cell @article{Müller2020,
title = {Impact of Local Back-Surface-Field Thickness on Open-Circuit Voltage in PERC Solar Cells: An Experimental Study Applying ANOVA to Determine Critical Sample Size Necessary to Differentiate Mean LBSF Values With Statistical Significance}, author = {M Müller and B Wolpensinger and B Min and G Fischer and P Palinginis and D H Neuhaus}, doi = {10.1109/JPHOTOV.2020.3026978}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-11-01}, journal = {IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {1642-1647}, keywords = {ocal back-surface-field (LBSF) thickness, open-circuit voltage ANOVA, Passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) solar cells, Silicon solar cell}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
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C. Schinke, H. Pollex, D. Hinken, M. Wolf, K. Bothe, I. Kroeger, S. Nevas, and S. Winter Calibrating spectrometers for measurements of the spectral irradiance caused by solar radiation Journal Article Metrologia 57 (6), 065027, (2020). Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: calibration @article{Schinke2020,
title = {Calibrating spectrometers for measurements of the spectral irradiance caused by solar radiation}, author = {C Schinke and H Pollex and D Hinken and M Wolf and K Bothe and I Kroeger and S Nevas and S Winter}, doi = {10.1088/1681-7575/abafc5}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-10-28}, journal = {Metrologia}, volume = {57}, number = {6}, pages = {065027}, abstract = {Measuring the spectral irradiance of solar radiation is required in many fields of science and technology. In this work, we present an in-depth discussion of the measuring procedure and required corrections for such measurements. We also describe our measurement uncertainty analysis, which is based on a Monte-Carlo procedure in accordance with the Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (JCGM, Paris, 2008). For this purpose, fifteen uncertainty sources are identified, analyzed and described analytically. As a specific application example, we describe the instrumentation and procedure for determining the spectral irradiance of a solar simulator at the ISO/IEC 17025 accredited solar cell calibration laboratory ISFH CalTeC and the corresponding measurement uncertainty analysis. Moreover, we provide a Python implementation for this calculation along with the paper. We show that for state-of-the-art instrumentation, significant uncertainty contributions arise from the reference lamp (primary calibration standard), stray light and signal-to-noise ratio. If sharp spectral features are present (which is common, e.g., for Xenon lamps), spectral bandwidth and wavelength uncertainty also contribute significantly to the overall uncertainty.}, keywords = {calibration}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Measuring the spectral irradiance of solar radiation is required in many fields of science and technology. In this work, we present an in-depth discussion of the measuring procedure and required corrections for such measurements. We also describe our measurement uncertainty analysis, which is based on a Monte-Carlo procedure in accordance with the Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (JCGM, Paris, 2008). For this purpose, fifteen uncertainty sources are identified, analyzed and described analytically. As a specific application example, we describe the instrumentation and procedure for determining the spectral irradiance of a solar simulator at the ISO/IEC 17025 accredited solar cell calibration laboratory ISFH CalTeC and the corresponding measurement uncertainty analysis. Moreover, we provide a Python implementation for this calculation along with the paper. We show that for state-of-the-art instrumentation, significant uncertainty contributions arise from the reference lamp (primary calibration standard), stray light and signal-to-noise ratio. If sharp spectral features are present (which is common, e.g., for Xenon lamps), spectral bandwidth and wavelength uncertainty also contribute significantly to the overall uncertainty.
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M. Winter, L. Helmich, D. C. Walter, and J. Schmidt Firing-Triggered LID (FT-LID) of the Carrier Lifetime in Cz-Si Inproceedings WIP (Ed.): Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, 462–467, Online Event, (2020). Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: defects, Degradation, LID, Lifetime, silicon @inproceedings{Winter2020c,
title = {Firing-Triggered LID (FT-LID) of the Carrier Lifetime in Cz-Si}, author = {M Winter and L Helmich and D C Walter and J Schmidt }, editor = {WIP}, doi = {10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-2DV.2.15}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-10-28}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition}, journal = {37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition}, pages = {462--467}, address = {Online Event}, abstract = {Light-Induced Degradation’ (LID) effects of the carrier lifetime are present in many different silicon materials used in the production of solar cells. In this contribution, we present an approach to separate the boron-oxygen (BO) LID effect observed in boron-doped Czochralski-grown silicon (Cz-Si) from an additional firing-triggered LID (FT-LID) effect. We perform BO degradation/deactivation cycles by alternating illumination and dark annealing (DA) steps at 200 °C, while recording the changes in the carrier lifetime. Our measurements show that – despite some similarities – the observed FT-LID effect in Cz-Si is different to the ‘Light and elevated Temperature Induced Degradation’ (LeTID) effect reported on multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) materials. In particular, the time constants of the lifetime degradation differs by at least a factor of 10 under the same experimental conditions. In addition, experiments where multiple alternating light degradation, regeneration and DA steps were performed show a different behavior between FTLID in Cz-Si and LeTID in mc-Si. Although FT-LID as well as LeTID are both triggered by fast-firing, which makes it very likely that hydrogen participates in both defect reactions, the detailed defect physics seems to be different. }, keywords = {defects, Degradation, LID, Lifetime, silicon}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inproceedings} } Light-Induced Degradation’ (LID) effects of the carrier lifetime are present in many different silicon materials used in the production of solar cells. In this contribution, we present an approach to separate the boron-oxygen (BO) LID effect observed in boron-doped Czochralski-grown silicon (Cz-Si) from an additional firing-triggered LID (FT-LID) effect. We perform BO degradation/deactivation cycles by alternating illumination and dark annealing (DA) steps at 200 °C, while recording the changes in the carrier lifetime. Our measurements show that – despite some similarities – the observed FT-LID effect in Cz-Si is different to the ‘Light and elevated Temperature Induced Degradation’ (LeTID) effect reported on multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) materials. In particular, the time constants of the lifetime degradation differs by at least a factor of 10 under the same experimental conditions. In addition, experiments where multiple alternating light degradation, regeneration and DA steps were performed show a different behavior between FTLID in Cz-Si and LeTID in mc-Si. Although FT-LID as well as LeTID are both triggered by fast-firing, which makes it very likely that hydrogen participates in both defect reactions, the detailed defect physics seems to be different.
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T. Gewohn, M. R. Vogt, B. Lim, C. Schinke, and R. Brendel Customization of Photovoltaic Modules' Appearance by Colored Textiles (COTEX) Inproceedings WIP (Ed.): Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, 1734–1737, Online Event, (2020). Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: BIPV, Building Integration Photovoltaic, Coloured BIPV modules @inproceedings{Gewohn2020c,
title = {Customization of Photovoltaic Modules' Appearance by Colored Textiles (COTEX)}, author = {T Gewohn and M R Vogt and B Lim and C Schinke and R Brendel}, editor = {WIP}, doi = {10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6DO.12.3}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-10-28}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition}, journal = {37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition}, pages = {1734--1737}, address = {Online Event}, abstract = {We present a customizable technique of coloring photovoltaic modules by laminating colored textiles onto photovoltaic cover glass (CoTex). A white nonwoven fabric is imprinted with any color, design or graphic and is then laminated onto an arbitrary, frameless photovoltaic module. The short-circuit current losses of these modules range from 12% to 32% and depends on the color and its coverage, i.e. how much of the solar cell structure remains visible. We fabricate CoTex test modules in cyan, magenta and yellow with different print coverages to experimentally analyze their external quantum efficiency, reflection spectrum, energy yield, and appearance. These experiments on the three basic colors forms the basis for using digital prototypes that predict the energy yield and the printing parameters for arbitrary colors. }, keywords = {BIPV, Building Integration Photovoltaic, Coloured BIPV modules}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inproceedings} } We present a customizable technique of coloring photovoltaic modules by laminating colored textiles onto photovoltaic cover glass (CoTex). A white nonwoven fabric is imprinted with any color, design or graphic and is then laminated onto an arbitrary, frameless photovoltaic module. The short-circuit current losses of these modules range from 12% to 32% and depends on the color and its coverage, i.e. how much of the solar cell structure remains visible. We fabricate CoTex test modules in cyan, magenta and yellow with different print coverages to experimentally analyze their external quantum efficiency, reflection spectrum, energy yield, and appearance. These experiments on the three basic colors forms the basis for using digital prototypes that predict the energy yield and the printing parameters for arbitrary colors.
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M. Stöhr, B. Beier, J. Aprojanz, A. Vogt, N. Ambrosius, R. Brendel, and T. Dullweber PECVD Shadow Mask Deposition of Amorphous Silicon– a Shortcut to Local Passivating Contacts Inproceedings WIP (Ed.): Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, 521 - 524, Online Event, (2020). Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Local Passivating Contacts, PECVD-Deposition, Shadow mask @inproceedings{Stöhr2020b,
title = {PECVD Shadow Mask Deposition of Amorphous Silicon– a Shortcut to Local Passivating Contacts}, author = {M Stöhr and B Beier and J Aprojanz and A Vogt and N Ambrosius and R Brendel and T Dullweber}, editor = {WIP}, doi = {10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-2DV.3.21}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-10-28}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition}, pages = {521 - 524}, address = {Online Event}, abstract = {We develop and investigate shadow masks for the local PECVD deposition of amorphous Si (a-Si) fingers to be applied as local poly-crystalline Si (poly-Si) passivating contacts in the industrial fabrication of novel solar cell concepts such as TOPCon, PERC+POLO and POLO-IBC. We first apply a nickel-based test mask with varying mask opening widths and demonstrate narrow poly-Si fingers down to 70 µm width suitable for application on the front side of solar cells. However, the aspect ratio of the finger opening width and the mask thickness is limiting the deposition rate of as-deposited a-Si fingers. Using a glass-based mask, we verify that the a-Si finger position is identical to the mask layout over the size of a M2 silicon wafer. The passivation quality of the n-type poly-Si is demonstrated on symmetrical lifetime samples using n-type Cz wafers, a thermal oxide interface, PECVD n-a-Si and a subsequent high-temperature anneal. We measure carrier lifetimes up to 7.78 ms corresponding to an implied VOC up to 738 mV.}, keywords = {Local Passivating Contacts, PECVD-Deposition, Shadow mask}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inproceedings} } We develop and investigate shadow masks for the local PECVD deposition of amorphous Si (a-Si) fingers to be applied as local poly-crystalline Si (poly-Si) passivating contacts in the industrial fabrication of novel solar cell concepts such as TOPCon, PERC+POLO and POLO-IBC. We first apply a nickel-based test mask with varying mask opening widths and demonstrate narrow poly-Si fingers down to 70 µm width suitable for application on the front side of solar cells. However, the aspect ratio of the finger opening width and the mask thickness is limiting the deposition rate of as-deposited a-Si fingers. Using a glass-based mask, we verify that the a-Si finger position is identical to the mask layout over the size of a M2 silicon wafer. The passivation quality of the n-type poly-Si is demonstrated on symmetrical lifetime samples using n-type Cz wafers, a thermal oxide interface, PECVD n-a-Si and a subsequent high-temperature anneal. We measure carrier lifetimes up to 7.78 ms corresponding to an implied VOC up to 738 mV.
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S. Schäfer, A. Mercker, V. Mertens, T. Neubert, A. Köhler, L. Mettner, R. Brendel, and R. Peibst Laser-induced modification of doped poly-Si surface for Si solar cells with structured passivated contacts Inproceedings WIP (Ed.): Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, 482 - 486, Online Event, (2020). Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: laser processing, Oxidation, passivating contacts, poly Si, Structuring @inproceedings{Schäfer2020b,
title = {Laser-induced modification of doped poly-Si surface for Si solar cells with structured passivated contacts}, author = {S Schäfer and A Mercker and V Mertens and T Neubert and A Köhler and L Mettner and R Brendel and R Peibst}, editor = {WIP}, doi = {10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-2DV.3.5}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-10-28}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition}, pages = {482 - 486}, address = {Online Event}, abstract = {Passivated contacts that use polysilicon on oxide (POLO) show outstanding electrical surface passivation of silicon. However, the parasitic absorption of photons within highly doped poly-Si layer confines its implementation to the rear side silicon solar cells or locally under the front metal contacts. Here, we demonstrate that by irradiating the poly-Si with UV ps-laser pulses, it becomes selectively etch resistant in a KOH solution, due to a laser-induced amorphization of the surface of the poly-Si layer. This poses a low-effort method to structure poly-Si layers with a resolution of the spot size of 25 μm and thus facilitates the implementation as local (front) contacts. We explore the impact of the laser fluence, the gas ambient and the surface morphology (planar and textured) on the surface passivation quality of the so obtained poly-Si layers. The laser-modified and structured poly-Si sample reaches implied open-circuit voltage values of iVoc = 722 mV (planar) and thus the same passivation quality as the non-lasered reference, and iVoc = 680 mV for textured surfaces. A hydrogenation step improves the iVoc of the textured surfaces to 726 mV, which corresponds to a recombination current density of 5 fA/cm2.}, keywords = {laser processing, Oxidation, passivating contacts, poly Si, Structuring}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inproceedings} } Passivated contacts that use polysilicon on oxide (POLO) show outstanding electrical surface passivation of silicon. However, the parasitic absorption of photons within highly doped poly-Si layer confines its implementation to the rear side silicon solar cells or locally under the front metal contacts. Here, we demonstrate that by irradiating the poly-Si with UV ps-laser pulses, it becomes selectively etch resistant in a KOH solution, due to a laser-induced amorphization of the surface of the poly-Si layer. This poses a low-effort method to structure poly-Si layers with a resolution of the spot size of 25 μm and thus facilitates the implementation as local (front) contacts. We explore the impact of the laser fluence, the gas ambient and the surface morphology (planar and textured) on the surface passivation quality of the so obtained poly-Si layers. The laser-modified and structured poly-Si sample reaches implied open-circuit voltage values of iVoc = 722 mV (planar) and thus the same passivation quality as the non-lasered reference, and iVoc = 680 mV for textured surfaces. A hydrogenation step improves the iVoc of the textured surfaces to 726 mV, which corresponds to a recombination current density of 5 fA/cm2.
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M. Littwin, F. P. Baumgartner, C. Biba, R. H. French, D. Gfeller, M. Green, C. Messner, U. Muntwyler, D. Riley, D. Rivola, T. Schott, J. S. Stein, M. Trommsdorff, W. G. J. H. M. van Sark, M. Köntges, T. Ohrdes, and R. Brendel Performance of New Photovoltaic System Designs IEA PVPS Task 13 Subtask 1.3 Inproceedings WIP (Ed.): Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, 1208 - 1220, Online Event, (2020). Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Characterization Methods Overview, Double Use of PV Systems, PV System Performance, System Characterization Methods @inproceedings{Littwin2020d,
title = {Performance of New Photovoltaic System Designs IEA PVPS Task 13 Subtask 1.3}, author = {M Littwin and F P Baumgartner and C Biba and R H French and D Gfeller and M Green and C Messner and U Muntwyler and D Riley and D Rivola and T Schott and J S Stein and M Trommsdorff and W G J H M van Sark and M Köntges and T Ohrdes and R Brendel}, editor = {WIP}, doi = {10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-5CP.1.5}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-10-28}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition}, pages = {1208 - 1220}, address = {Online Event}, abstract = {In the IEA PVPS Task 13 subtask 1.3 we put together a compendium of new performance characterization methods for new Photovoltaic (PV) system designs as a reference. New methods are described and explained by laboratory tests up to case studies. While performance characterization is more than evaluating efficiency of a component or a system in certain operating points, the results account for multi-dimensional usage and benefits. The performance aspects of new PV designs start with the resource-efficient construction of solar cells and all other PV system components, continue with efficient power generation, and end with the resources (including the land or water surfaces on which systems are built) needed to operate a complex PV system and multiple uses to replace otherwise non-energy generating components. These assessments are intended to provide well-founded and comparable key figures in order to enable new PV system designs to move faster into new fields of application. }, keywords = {Characterization Methods Overview, Double Use of PV Systems, PV System Performance, System Characterization Methods}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inproceedings} } In the IEA PVPS Task 13 subtask 1.3 we put together a compendium of new performance characterization methods for new Photovoltaic (PV) system designs as a reference. New methods are described and explained by laboratory tests up to case studies. While performance characterization is more than evaluating efficiency of a component or a system in certain operating points, the results account for multi-dimensional usage and benefits. The performance aspects of new PV designs start with the resource-efficient construction of solar cells and all other PV system components, continue with efficient power generation, and end with the resources (including the land or water surfaces on which systems are built) needed to operate a complex PV system and multiple uses to replace otherwise non-energy generating components. These assessments are intended to provide well-founded and comparable key figures in order to enable new PV system designs to move faster into new fields of application.
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K. Bothe, C. Kruse, D. Hinken, R. Brendel, M. Rauer, and J. Hohl-Ebinger Contacting of Busbarless Solar Cells for Accurate I-V Measurements Inproceedings WIP (Ed.): Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, 277-281, Online Event, (2020). Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: busbarless, Contacting, Fill Factor, I-V Measurement, solar cell @inproceedings{Bothe2020b,
title = {Contacting of Busbarless Solar Cells for Accurate I-V Measurements}, author = {K Bothe and C Kruse and D Hinken and R Brendel and M Rauer and J Hohl-Ebinger}, editor = {WIP}, doi = {10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-2CO.15.2}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-10-28}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition}, pages = {277-281}, address = {Online Event}, abstract = {In recent years, solar cell development has undergone a major change in metallization layout. In their most radical form, busbarless solar cells completely omit the busbar and leave the fingers as solely contacting area. Consequently, characterization and calibration laboratories were forced to develop new contacting units. At the same time, the question of the correct arrangement of current and sense contacts arises. To perform accurate and precise measurements of the current-voltage characteristic of busbarless solar cells, we transfer the well-established concept of busbar-resistance neglecting contacting to the measurement of busbarless cells. The result is a universally valid gridresistance neglecting contacting scheme, which provides the same fill factor as one would get if one had contacted the entire metallized area of the solar cell. We demonstrate that a variety of contacting schemes are able to determine this fill factor if the sensing contact is correctly placed. We provide experimental evidence of consistent results for a contacting with 12 contact bars at ISFH CalTeC and 30 wires at Fraunhofer ISE CalLab, respectively. For the fill factor of 15 silicon solar cells with finger line resistances ranging from 0.6 to 12 /cm we show that the En-values between both calibration laboratories are well below 1, demonstrating a very good agreement within the accompanied measurement uncertainty. }, keywords = {busbarless, Contacting, Fill Factor, I-V Measurement, solar cell}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inproceedings} } In recent years, solar cell development has undergone a major change in metallization layout. In their most radical form, busbarless solar cells completely omit the busbar and leave the fingers as solely contacting area. Consequently, characterization and calibration laboratories were forced to develop new contacting units. At the same time, the question of the correct arrangement of current and sense contacts arises. To perform accurate and precise measurements of the current-voltage characteristic of busbarless solar cells, we transfer the well-established concept of busbar-resistance neglecting contacting to the measurement of busbarless cells. The result is a universally valid gridresistance neglecting contacting scheme, which provides the same fill factor as one would get if one had contacted the entire metallized area of the solar cell. We demonstrate that a variety of contacting schemes are able to determine this fill factor if the sensing contact is correctly placed. We provide experimental evidence of consistent results for a contacting with 12 contact bars at ISFH CalTeC and 30 wires at Fraunhofer ISE CalLab, respectively. For the fill factor of 15 silicon solar cells with finger line resistances ranging from 0.6 to 12 /cm we show that the En-values between both calibration laboratories are well below 1, demonstrating a very good agreement within the accompanied measurement uncertainty.
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T. Gewohn, M. Koopmeiners, M. R. Vogt, B. Lim, C. Schinke, and R. Brendel Outdoor Testing Facility for an Experimental Validation of Yield Predictions for Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Modules Inproceedings WIP (Ed.): Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, 1915-1919, Online Event, (2020). Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: BIPV, Energy Yield Prediction, Outdoor Measurement @inproceedings{Gewohn2020d,
title = {Outdoor Testing Facility for an Experimental Validation of Yield Predictions for Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Modules}, author = {T Gewohn and M Koopmeiners and M R Vogt and B Lim and C Schinke and R Brendel}, editor = {WIP}, doi = {10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6CV.2.16}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-10-28}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition}, pages = {1915-1919}, address = {Online Event}, abstract = {Existing models for calculating the horizontal irradiation in the module plane are not sufficiently accurate for modules tilted by 90°, i.e. modules on the façade. First, these models are usually empirical and not designed for this application. Second, the irradiation conditions for façade modules are much more complex, since the environment and the albedo have an impact. In order to identify deficiencies in previously established models and to improve the accuracy of yield predictions for façade modules, an outdoor test facility was built on a south façade at our institute. Since January 2019, all environmental parameters that are required for an energy yield prognosis are continuously being measured every minute. This is the global horizontal irradiance, the global and diffuse vertical irradiance on the façade, the ambient temperature and the wind speed. The energy yield, the current-voltage characteristics and the module temperature of three test modules are also measured every minute. The simulated energy yield of a façade module deviates from the measured yield by up to 7.6% per month if the most suitable model is selected. For on-roof modules, the maximum deviation in this period is 5% and thus significantly smaller.}, keywords = {BIPV, Energy Yield Prediction, Outdoor Measurement}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inproceedings} } Existing models for calculating the horizontal irradiation in the module plane are not sufficiently accurate for modules tilted by 90°, i.e. modules on the façade. First, these models are usually empirical and not designed for this application. Second, the irradiation conditions for façade modules are much more complex, since the environment and the albedo have an impact. In order to identify deficiencies in previously established models and to improve the accuracy of yield predictions for façade modules, an outdoor test facility was built on a south façade at our institute. Since January 2019, all environmental parameters that are required for an energy yield prognosis are continuously being measured every minute. This is the global horizontal irradiance, the global and diffuse vertical irradiance on the façade, the ambient temperature and the wind speed. The energy yield, the current-voltage characteristics and the module temperature of three test modules are also measured every minute. The simulated energy yield of a façade module deviates from the measured yield by up to 7.6% per month if the most suitable model is selected. For on-roof modules, the maximum deviation in this period is 5% and thus significantly smaller.
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T. Pernau, C. Derricks, G. Hahn, L. Helmich, A. Herguth, J. Schmidt, and D. Walter WIP (Ed.): Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, 414-417, Online Event, (2020). Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: LID, PERC, Rapid Thermal Processing, regeneration @inproceedings{Pernau2020b,
title = {Upgrade Technologies for Silicon Photovoltaics – Part I: Industrial Solution to Minimize the Negative Impact of Light Induced Degradation}, author = {T Pernau and C Derricks and G Hahn and L Helmich and A Herguth and J Schmidt and D Walter}, editor = {WIP}, doi = {10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-2CV.1.57}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-10-28}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition}, pages = {414-417}, address = {Online Event}, abstract = {This paper is to inform about Part I of a joint research project on optimum reduction of boron-oxygen related degradation and passivated contacts for PERC-based solar cells. It includes the application of investigated technologies into potential future cell designs such as PERT and bifacial solar cells. The joint project was merged from two individual project suggestions and therefore had two parts. This paper focuses on an industrial solution to minimize the negative impact of light induced degradation (LID) by: • Investigating and understanding the nature of the degradation effect • Applying the experimental results and concepts to industrially suppress LID • Developing an optimized integrated firing-regeneration process for industrial application The second part of this project is also covered in this conference [1]. The detailed project report (in German) has been published [2]. }, keywords = {LID, PERC, Rapid Thermal Processing, regeneration}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inproceedings} } This paper is to inform about Part I of a joint research project on optimum reduction of boron-oxygen related degradation and passivated contacts for PERC-based solar cells. It includes the application of investigated technologies into potential future cell designs such as PERT and bifacial solar cells. The joint project was merged from two individual project suggestions and therefore had two parts. This paper focuses on an industrial solution to minimize the negative impact of light induced degradation (LID) by: • Investigating and understanding the nature of the degradation effect • Applying the experimental results and concepts to industrially suppress LID • Developing an optimized integrated firing-regeneration process for industrial application The second part of this project is also covered in this conference [1]. The detailed project report (in German) has been published [2].
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G. Koutsourakis, M. Rauer, A. Schmid, G. Bellenda, T. R. Betts, J. C. Blakesley, M. Bliss, Bonilla. J. Castro, K. Bothe, S. Dittmann, J. Lopez-Garcia, W. Herrmann, D. Hinken, R. P. Kenny, R. R. Molinero, D. Pavanello, S. Riechelmann, H. Sträter, A. Vegas, and S. Winter Results of the Bifacial PV Cells and PV Modules Power Measurement Round Robin Activity of the PV-Enerate Project Inproceedings WIP (Ed.): Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, 877-882, Online Event, (2020). Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Bifacial PV, PV Module, testing @inproceedings{Koutsourakis2020b,
title = {Results of the Bifacial PV Cells and PV Modules Power Measurement Round Robin Activity of the PV-Enerate Project}, author = {G Koutsourakis and M Rauer and A Schmid and G Bellenda and T R Betts and J C Blakesley and M Bliss and J Bonilla Castro and K Bothe and S Dittmann and J Lopez-Garcia and W Herrmann and D Hinken and R P Kenny and R R Molinero and D Pavanello and S Riechelmann and H Sträter and A Vegas and S Winter}, editor = {WIP}, doi = {10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4CO.2.2}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-10-28}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition}, pages = {877-882}, address = {Online Event}, abstract = {Bifacial Photovoltaic (PV) technology is expected to acquire an increased market share of the solar PV industry in the future, due to the ability of bifacial PV modules to collect light from both the front and rear side, increasing the energy yield for a specific available area for a PV system. Accurate measurement procedures for bifacial products result in more accurate energy yield estimates, consequently improving the bankability of bifacial PV technology. This work aims to evaluate the procedures for the measurement of electrical power and bifacial parameters of bifacial solar devices, concerning to their applicability in calibration laboratories and production line environments. An intercomparison for bifacial PV cells and modules is carried out between nine different test laboratories across Europe, as part of the PV-Enerate project. The measurement procedures as described in IEC TS 60904-1-2:2019 are followed among the different test laboratories, to evaluate the applicability of these procedures. Three different types of bifacial PV cells and three different types of bifacial PV modules are measured. The intercomparison involves measurements with systems using both single and double-sided illumination conditions. The uncertainty budgets and systematic differences that these procedures result in between different laboratories are determined and discussed. Specific common mistakes are reported and improvements to the IEC TS 60904-1-2:2019 are proposed as a result of this intercomparison activity. }, keywords = {Bifacial PV, PV Module, testing}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inproceedings} } Bifacial Photovoltaic (PV) technology is expected to acquire an increased market share of the solar PV industry in the future, due to the ability of bifacial PV modules to collect light from both the front and rear side, increasing the energy yield for a specific available area for a PV system. Accurate measurement procedures for bifacial products result in more accurate energy yield estimates, consequently improving the bankability of bifacial PV technology. This work aims to evaluate the procedures for the measurement of electrical power and bifacial parameters of bifacial solar devices, concerning to their applicability in calibration laboratories and production line environments. An intercomparison for bifacial PV cells and modules is carried out between nine different test laboratories across Europe, as part of the PV-Enerate project. The measurement procedures as described in IEC TS 60904-1-2:2019 are followed among the different test laboratories, to evaluate the applicability of these procedures. Three different types of bifacial PV cells and three different types of bifacial PV modules are measured. The intercomparison involves measurements with systems using both single and double-sided illumination conditions. The uncertainty budgets and systematic differences that these procedures result in between different laboratories are determined and discussed. Specific common mistakes are reported and improvements to the IEC TS 60904-1-2:2019 are proposed as a result of this intercomparison activity.
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M. R. Vogt, S. Riechelmann, Gracia. A. M. Amillo, A. Driesse, A. Kokka, K. Maham, P. Kärhä, R. P. Kenny, C. Schinke, K. Bothe, J. C. Blakesley, E. Music, F. Plag, G. Friesen, G. Corbellini, N. Riedel-Lyngskær, R. M. E. Valckenborg, M. Schweiger, and W. Herrmann Interlaboratory Comparison of the PV Module Energy Rating Standard IEC 61853-3 Inproceedings WIP (Ed.): Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, 811-815, Online Event, (2020). Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Energy Performance, Energy Rating, PV Module @inproceedings{Vogt2020b,
title = {Interlaboratory Comparison of the PV Module Energy Rating Standard IEC 61853-3}, author = {M R Vogt and S Riechelmann and A M Gracia Amillo and A Driesse and A Kokka and K Maham and P Kärhä and R P Kenny and C Schinke and K Bothe and J C Blakesley and E Music and F Plag and G Friesen and G Corbellini and N Riedel-Lyngskær and R M E Valckenborg and M Schweiger and W Herrmann}, editor = {WIP}, doi = {10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4BO.13.2}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-10-28}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition}, pages = {811-815}, address = {Online Event}, abstract = {The IEC 61853 standard series “Photovoltaic (PV) module performance testing and energy rating” aims to provide a standardized measure for PV module performance, namely the Climate Specific Energy Rating (CSER). An algorithm to calculate CSER is specified in part 3 based on laboratory measurements defined in parts 1 and 2 as well as the climate data set given in part 4. To test the comparability and clarity of the algorithm in part 3, we share the same input data, obtained by measuring a standard photovoltaic module, among different research organizations. Each participant then uses their individual implementations of the algorithm to calculate the resulting CSER values. The initial blind comparison reveals differences of 0.133 (14.7%) in CSER between the ten different implementations of the algorithm. Despite the differences in CSER, an analysis of intermediate results revealed differences of less than 1% at each step of the calculation chain among at least three participants. Thereby, we identify the extrapolation of the power table, the handling of the differences in the wavelength bands between measurement and climate data set, and several coding errors as the three biggest sources for the differences. After discussing the results and comparing different approaches, all participants rework their implementations individually and compare the results two more times. In the third intercomparison, the differences are less than 0.029 (3.2%) in CSER. When excluding the remaining three outliers, the largest absolute difference between the other seven participants is 0.0037 (0.38%). Based on our findings we identified four recommendations for improvement of the standard series. }, keywords = {Energy Performance, Energy Rating, PV Module}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inproceedings} } The IEC 61853 standard series “Photovoltaic (PV) module performance testing and energy rating” aims to provide a standardized measure for PV module performance, namely the Climate Specific Energy Rating (CSER). An algorithm to calculate CSER is specified in part 3 based on laboratory measurements defined in parts 1 and 2 as well as the climate data set given in part 4. To test the comparability and clarity of the algorithm in part 3, we share the same input data, obtained by measuring a standard photovoltaic module, among different research organizations. Each participant then uses their individual implementations of the algorithm to calculate the resulting CSER values. The initial blind comparison reveals differences of 0.133 (14.7%) in CSER between the ten different implementations of the algorithm. Despite the differences in CSER, an analysis of intermediate results revealed differences of less than 1% at each step of the calculation chain among at least three participants. Thereby, we identify the extrapolation of the power table, the handling of the differences in the wavelength bands between measurement and climate data set, and several coding errors as the three biggest sources for the differences. After discussing the results and comparing different approaches, all participants rework their implementations individually and compare the results two more times. In the third intercomparison, the differences are less than 0.029 (3.2%) in CSER. When excluding the remaining three outliers, the largest absolute difference between the other seven participants is 0.0037 (0.38%). Based on our findings we identified four recommendations for improvement of the standard series.
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