Veröffentlichungen
2016 |
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C. Kranz, U. Baumann, B. Wolpensinger, F. Lottspeich, M. Müller, P. Palinginis, R. Brendel, and T. Dullweber Void formation of screen-printed local aluminum contacts modeled by surface energy minimization Artikel Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 158 , 11-18, (2016), (Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Silicon Photovoltaics (SiliconPV)). Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Schlagwörter: Al‐BSF, PERC, Screen printing, Void formation @article{Kranz2016c,
title = {Void formation of screen-printed local aluminum contacts modeled by surface energy minimization}, author = {C Kranz and U Baumann and B Wolpensinger and F Lottspeich and M Müller and P Palinginis and R Brendel and T Dullweber}, doi = {10.1016/j.solmat.2016.06.039}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-12-01}, journal = {Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells}, volume = {158}, pages = {11-18}, abstract = {We demonstrate that the presence of voids in local aluminum rear contacts of PERC solar cells reduces the Al-BSF depths when compared to filled contacts. However, since voided contacts still exhibit a shallow Al-BSF we conclude that voids form during the re-crystallization process of the Al-BSF and thus at a point in time during furnace firing, where the aluminum is liquid. We propose an analytical model for void formation which takes into account the surface energies of the silicon wafer, the liquid aluminum as well as the aluminum-oxide shells of the screen-printed aluminum layer. Using geometrical approximations the model predicts that voids occur if the contact height exceeds a certain value. Scanning electron microscope cross-section measurements demonstrate that indeed voids are observed only for contact heights larger than 21 µm. The physical reason is, that in case of large contact heights the Al melt energetically favors to wet the large surface area of the aluminum-oxide shells instead of the relatively small area of the silicon wafer surface. We find that so-called PERC+ solar cells with Al fingers as rear contacts instead of full-area Al layers exhibit significantly smaller contact heights and hence exhibit almost no voids. Additionally, PERC+ solar cells exhibit much deeper Al-BSFs compared to PERC cells over a large range of rear contact widths. Using a new analytical model for Al-BSF formation, we find that the different Al-BSF depths are described solely by the different amount of Al paste printed to the rear side of PERC and PERC+ cells. Consequently, the PERC+ cells achieve low contact recombination and high efficiencies of 21.1% for narrow contact lines around 50 µm width, whereas PERC solar cells obtain highest efficiencies of 21.2% for 80 µm wide contact lines.}, note = {Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Silicon Photovoltaics (SiliconPV)}, keywords = {Al‐BSF, PERC, Screen printing, Void formation}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } We demonstrate that the presence of voids in local aluminum rear contacts of PERC solar cells reduces the Al-BSF depths when compared to filled contacts. However, since voided contacts still exhibit a shallow Al-BSF we conclude that voids form during the re-crystallization process of the Al-BSF and thus at a point in time during furnace firing, where the aluminum is liquid. We propose an analytical model for void formation which takes into account the surface energies of the silicon wafer, the liquid aluminum as well as the aluminum-oxide shells of the screen-printed aluminum layer. Using geometrical approximations the model predicts that voids occur if the contact height exceeds a certain value. Scanning electron microscope cross-section measurements demonstrate that indeed voids are observed only for contact heights larger than 21 µm. The physical reason is, that in case of large contact heights the Al melt energetically favors to wet the large surface area of the aluminum-oxide shells instead of the relatively small area of the silicon wafer surface. We find that so-called PERC+ solar cells with Al fingers as rear contacts instead of full-area Al layers exhibit significantly smaller contact heights and hence exhibit almost no voids. Additionally, PERC+ solar cells exhibit much deeper Al-BSFs compared to PERC cells over a large range of rear contact widths. Using a new analytical model for Al-BSF formation, we find that the different Al-BSF depths are described solely by the different amount of Al paste printed to the rear side of PERC and PERC+ cells. Consequently, the PERC+ cells achieve low contact recombination and high efficiencies of 21.1% for narrow contact lines around 50 µm width, whereas PERC solar cells obtain highest efficiencies of 21.2% for 80 µm wide contact lines.
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T. Dullweber, C. Kranz, R. Peibst, U. Baumann, H. Hannebauer, A. Fülle, S. Steckemetz, T. Weber, M. Kutzer, M. Müller, G. Fischer, P. Palinginis, and D. H. Neuhaus Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 24 (12), 1487-1498, (2016). Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Schlagwörter: Al finger grid, Bifacial, five busbars, PERC, PERC+, rear passivation, Screen printing @article{Dullweber2016,
title = {PERC+: Industrial PERC solar cells with rear Al grid enabling bifaciality and reduced Al paste consumption}, author = {T Dullweber and C Kranz and R Peibst and U Baumann and H Hannebauer and A Fülle and S Steckemetz and T Weber and M Kutzer and M Müller and G Fischer and P Palinginis and D H Neuhaus}, doi = {10.1002/pip.2712}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-12-01}, journal = {Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications}, volume = {24}, number = {12}, pages = {1487-1498}, abstract = {Passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) solar cells are currently being introduced into mass production. In this paper, we report a novel PERC solar cell design that applies a screen‐printed rear Al finger grid instead of the conventional full‐area aluminum (Al) rear layer while using the same PERC manufacturing sequence. We name this novel cell concept PERC+ because it offers several advantages. In particular, the Al paste consumption of the PERC+ cells is drastically reduced to 0.15 g instead of 1.6 g for the conventional PERC cells. The Al fingers create 2‐µm‐deeper aluminum back surface fields, which increases the open‐circuit voltage by 4 mV. The five‐busbar Al finger grid enables bifacial applications of the PERC+ cells with front‐side efficiencies up to 20.8% and rear‐side efficiencies up to 16.5% measured with a black chuck. The corresponding bifaciality is 79%. When applied in monofacial modules where the white back sheet acts as external rear reflector, the efficiency of the PERC+ cells is estimated to 20.9%, which is comparable with conventional PERC cells. Whereas Institute for Solar Energy Research Hamelin developed the aforementioned PERC+ results, SolarWorld independently pioneered a very similar bifacial PERC+ cell process starting in 2014. Transfer into mass production has been successfully accomplished, and novel glass–glass bifacial PERC+ modules have been launched at the Intersolar 2015 based on a most simple, lean, and cost‐effective bifacial cell process. These new bifacial PERC+ modules show an increase in annual energy yield between 5% and 25% in simulations, which is confirmed by first outdoor measurements.}, keywords = {Al finger grid, Bifacial, five busbars, PERC, PERC+, rear passivation, Screen printing}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) solar cells are currently being introduced into mass production. In this paper, we report a novel PERC solar cell design that applies a screen‐printed rear Al finger grid instead of the conventional full‐area aluminum (Al) rear layer while using the same PERC manufacturing sequence. We name this novel cell concept PERC+ because it offers several advantages. In particular, the Al paste consumption of the PERC+ cells is drastically reduced to 0.15 g instead of 1.6 g for the conventional PERC cells. The Al fingers create 2‐µm‐deeper aluminum back surface fields, which increases the open‐circuit voltage by 4 mV. The five‐busbar Al finger grid enables bifacial applications of the PERC+ cells with front‐side efficiencies up to 20.8% and rear‐side efficiencies up to 16.5% measured with a black chuck. The corresponding bifaciality is 79%. When applied in monofacial modules where the white back sheet acts as external rear reflector, the efficiency of the PERC+ cells is estimated to 20.9%, which is comparable with conventional PERC cells. Whereas Institute for Solar Energy Research Hamelin developed the aforementioned PERC+ results, SolarWorld independently pioneered a very similar bifacial PERC+ cell process starting in 2014. Transfer into mass production has been successfully accomplished, and novel glass–glass bifacial PERC+ modules have been launched at the Intersolar 2015 based on a most simple, lean, and cost‐effective bifacial cell process. These new bifacial PERC+ modules show an increase in annual energy yield between 5% and 25% in simulations, which is confirmed by first outdoor measurements.
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T. Dullweber, and J. Schmidt IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 6 (5), 1366-1381, (2016). Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Schlagwörter: AlOx, LBSF), light-induced degradation (LID), local aluminum back-surface field (Al-BSF, passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC), passivation, Phosphorus, Photovoltaic cells, Production, rear passivation, Screen printing, silicon, silicon solar cells @article{Dullweber2016b,
title = {Industrial silicon solar cells applying the passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) concept a review}, author = {T Dullweber and J Schmidt}, doi = {10.1109/JPHOTOV.2016.2571627}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-09-01}, journal = {IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics}, volume = {6}, number = {5}, pages = {1366-1381}, abstract = {Even though the passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) concept was introduced as a laboratory-type solar cell in 1989, it took 25 years to transfer this concept into industrial mass production. Today, PERC-type solar cells account for 10% of the worldwide produced solar cells, and their share is expected to rapidly increase up to 35% within the next few years. Record efficiencies up to 22.1% of industrial PERC cells approach an efficiency of 22.8% of the lab-type PERC cell in 1989. This paper reviews the most important research results and technological developments of the past 25 years, which enabled the successful transfer of the lab-type PERC concept into industrial mass production. Particular attention is paid to the development of AlOx /SiNy layer stacks with excellent rear surface passivation properties and low production costs. In addition, we summarize the most important research results and technological improvements of industrially processed local aluminum rear contacts. Furthermore, we describe the most relevant process flows to manufacture industrial PERC cells and address silicon wafer material requirements regarding high and stable charge carrier lifetimes. An outlook is provided on future development opportunities, which may further increase the conversion efficiency and the energy yield of industrial PERC solar cells.}, keywords = {AlOx, LBSF), light-induced degradation (LID), local aluminum back-surface field (Al-BSF, passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC), passivation, Phosphorus, Photovoltaic cells, Production, rear passivation, Screen printing, silicon, silicon solar cells}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Even though the passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) concept was introduced as a laboratory-type solar cell in 1989, it took 25 years to transfer this concept into industrial mass production. Today, PERC-type solar cells account for 10% of the worldwide produced solar cells, and their share is expected to rapidly increase up to 35% within the next few years. Record efficiencies up to 22.1% of industrial PERC cells approach an efficiency of 22.8% of the lab-type PERC cell in 1989. This paper reviews the most important research results and technological developments of the past 25 years, which enabled the successful transfer of the lab-type PERC concept into industrial mass production. Particular attention is paid to the development of AlOx /SiNy layer stacks with excellent rear surface passivation properties and low production costs. In addition, we summarize the most important research results and technological improvements of industrially processed local aluminum rear contacts. Furthermore, we describe the most relevant process flows to manufacture industrial PERC cells and address silicon wafer material requirements regarding high and stable charge carrier lifetimes. An outlook is provided on future development opportunities, which may further increase the conversion efficiency and the energy yield of industrial PERC solar cells.
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2015 |
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T. Dullweber, C. Kranz, R. Peibst, U. Baumann, H. Hannebauer, A. Fülle, S. Steckemetz, T. Weber, M. Kutzer, M. Müller, G. Fischer, P. Palinginis, and D. H. Neuhaus The PERC+ cell: a 21%-efficient industrial bifacial PERC solar cell Inproceedings WIP (Hrsg.): Proceedings of the 31st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 341-350, Hamburg, Germany, (2015), ISBN: 3-936338-39-6. Links | BibTeX | Schlagwörter: Bifacial, PERC, PERC+, Screen printing, Silicon Solar Cell(s) @inproceedings{Dullweber2015,
title = {The PERC+ cell: a 21%-efficient industrial bifacial PERC solar cell}, author = {T Dullweber and C Kranz and R Peibst and U Baumann and H Hannebauer and A Fülle and S Steckemetz and T Weber and M Kutzer and M Müller and G Fischer and P Palinginis and D H Neuhaus}, editor = {WIP}, doi = {10.4229/EUPVSEC20152015-2BO.4.3}, isbn = {3-936338-39-6}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-09-14}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 31st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference}, journal = {Proceedings of the 31st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference}, pages = {341-350}, address = {Hamburg, Germany}, keywords = {Bifacial, PERC, PERC+, Screen printing, Silicon Solar Cell(s)}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inproceedings} } |
2014 |
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T. Dullweber, H. Hannebauer, U. Baumann, T. Falcon, K. Bothe, S. Steckemetz, and R. Brendel Fine-line printed 5 busbar PERC solar cells with conversion efficiencies beyond 21% Inproceedings WIP (Hrsg.): Proceedings of the 29th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 621-626, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, (2014), ISBN: 3-936338-34-5. Links | BibTeX | Schlagwörter: Busbar(s), Dual print, Metallisation, metallization, PERC, Screen printing, Silicon Solar Cell(s) @inproceedings{Dullweber2014,
title = {Fine-line printed 5 busbar PERC solar cells with conversion efficiencies beyond 21%}, author = {T Dullweber and H Hannebauer and U Baumann and T Falcon and K Bothe and S Steckemetz and R Brendel}, editor = {WIP}, doi = {10.4229/EUPVSEC20142014-2DO.3.4}, isbn = {3-936338-34-5}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-09-01}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 29th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference}, journal = {Proceedings of the 29th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference}, pages = {621-626}, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, keywords = {Busbar(s), Dual print, Metallisation, metallization, PERC, Screen printing, Silicon Solar Cell(s)}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inproceedings} } |
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Y. Chen, P. P. Altermatt, J. Dong, S. Zhang, J. Liu, D. Chen, W. Deng, Y. Jiang, B. Liu, Wenming. Xiao, H. Zhu, H. Chen, Haijun. Jiao, X. Pan, M. Zhong, D. Wang, J. Sheng, Y. Zhang, H. Shen, Z. Feng, and P. J. Verlinden Al-alloyed local contacts for industrial PERC cells by local printing Inproceedings 2014 IEEE 40th Photovoltaic Specialist Conference (PVSC), 3322-3325, (2014), ISSN: 0160-8371. Links | BibTeX | Schlagwörter: Firing, metallization, Numerical models, passivation, PERC cell, Photovoltaic cells, Printing, Screen printing, silicon, voids @inproceedings{Chen2014b,
title = {Al-alloyed local contacts for industrial PERC cells by local printing}, author = {Y Chen and P P Altermatt and J Dong and S Zhang and J Liu and D Chen and W Deng and Y Jiang and B Liu and Wenming Xiao and H Zhu and H Chen and Haijun Jiao and X Pan and M Zhong and D Wang and J Sheng and Y Zhang and H Shen and Z Feng and P J Verlinden}, doi = {10.1109/PVSC.2014.6925645}, issn = {0160-8371}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-06-01}, booktitle = {2014 IEEE 40th Photovoltaic Specialist Conference (PVSC)}, pages = {3322-3325}, keywords = {Firing, metallization, Numerical models, passivation, PERC cell, Photovoltaic cells, Printing, Screen printing, silicon, voids}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inproceedings} } |
2013 |
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H. Hannebauer, T. Dullweber, S. Wyczanowski, K. Weise, F. Delahaye, O. Doll, I. Köhler, and R. Brendel Gas phase etch back: A new selective emitter technology for high efficiency PERC solar cells Inproceedings WIP (Hrsg.): Proceedings of the 28th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 752-756, Paris, France, (2013), ISBN: 3-936338-33-7. Links | BibTeX | Schlagwörter: Etch Back, High Efficiency, PERC, Screen printing, Selective Emitter @inproceedings{Hannebauer2013,
title = {Gas phase etch back: A new selective emitter technology for high efficiency PERC solar cells}, author = {H Hannebauer and T Dullweber and S Wyczanowski and K Weise and F Delahaye and O Doll and I Köhler and R Brendel}, editor = {WIP}, doi = {10.4229/28thEUPVSEC2013-2AO.3.1}, isbn = {3-936338-33-7}, year = {2013}, date = {2013-09-01}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 28th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference}, journal = {Proceedings of the 28th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference}, pages = {752-756}, address = {Paris, France}, keywords = {Etch Back, High Efficiency, PERC, Screen printing, Selective Emitter}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inproceedings} } |
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T. Dullweber, C. Kranz, B. Beier, B. Veith, J. Schmidt, B. F. P. Roos, O. Hohn, T. Dippell, and R. Brendel Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 112 , 196-201, (2013). Links | BibTeX | Schlagwörter: AlO, aluminium oxide, Inductively coupled plasma, rear passivation, Screen printing, silicon solar cells @article{Dullweber2013d,
title = {Inductively coupled plasma chemical vapour deposited AlOx/SiNy layer stacks for applications in high-efficiency industrial-type silicon solar cells}, author = {T Dullweber and C Kranz and B Beier and B Veith and J Schmidt and B F P Roos and O Hohn and T Dippell and R Brendel}, doi = {10.1016/j.solmat.2013.01.036}, year = {2013}, date = {2013-05-01}, journal = {Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells}, volume = {112}, pages = {196-201}, keywords = {AlO, aluminium oxide, Inductively coupled plasma, rear passivation, Screen printing, silicon solar cells}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
2012 |
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H. Hannebauer, M. Sommerfeld, J. Müller, T. Dullweber, and R. Brendel Analysis of the emitter saturation current density of industrial type silver screen-printed front contacts Inproceedings WIP (Hrsg.): Proceedings of the 27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 1360-1363, Frankfurt, Germany, (2012), ISBN: 3-936338-28-0. Links | BibTeX | Schlagwörter: Lifetime, recombination, Screen printing, Selective Emitter @inproceedings{Hannebauer2012,
title = {Analysis of the emitter saturation current density of industrial type silver screen-printed front contacts}, author = {H Hannebauer and M Sommerfeld and J Müller and T Dullweber and R Brendel}, editor = {WIP}, doi = {10.4229/27thEUPVSEC2012-2BV.5.10}, isbn = {3-936338-28-0}, year = {2012}, date = {2012-09-01}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference}, journal = {Proceedings of the 27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference}, pages = {1360-1363}, address = {Frankfurt, Germany}, keywords = {Lifetime, recombination, Screen printing, Selective Emitter}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inproceedings} } |
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T. Dullweber, M. Siebert, B. Veith, C. Kranz, J. Schmidt, R. Brendel, B. F. P. Roos, T. Dippell, A. Schwabedissen, and S. Peters High-efficiency industrial-type PERC solar cells applying ICP AlOx as rear passivation layer Inproceedings WIP (Hrsg.): Proceedings of the 27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 672-675, Frankfurt, Germany, (2012), ISBN: 3-936338-28-0. Links | BibTeX | Schlagwörter: AlOx, Aluminum oxide, Inductively-Coupled Plasma CVD, rear passivation, Screen printing, Silicon Solar Cell(s) @inproceedings{Dullweber2012,
title = {High-efficiency industrial-type PERC solar cells applying ICP AlOx as rear passivation layer}, author = {T Dullweber and M Siebert and B Veith and C Kranz and J Schmidt and R Brendel and B F P Roos and T Dippell and A Schwabedissen and S Peters}, editor = {WIP}, doi = {10.4229/27thEUPVSEC2012-2BO.7.4}, isbn = {3-936338-28-0}, year = {2012}, date = {2012-09-01}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference}, journal = {Proceedings of the 27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference}, pages = {672-675}, address = {Frankfurt, Germany}, keywords = {AlOx, Aluminum oxide, Inductively-Coupled Plasma CVD, rear passivation, Screen printing, Silicon Solar Cell(s)}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inproceedings} } |
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C. Kranz, S. Wyczanowski, S. Dorn, K. Weise, C. Klein, K. Bothe, T. Dullweber, and R. Brendel Impact of the rear surface roughness on industrial-type PERC solar cells Inproceedings WIP (Hrsg.): Proceedings of the 27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 557-560, Frankfurt, Germany, (2012), ISBN: 3-936338-28-0. Links | BibTeX | Schlagwörter: Etching, passivation, Screen printing, Silicon Solar Cell(s), Surface Roughness, Wet chemical polishing @inproceedings{Kranz2012,
title = {Impact of the rear surface roughness on industrial-type PERC solar cells}, author = {C Kranz and S Wyczanowski and S Dorn and K Weise and C Klein and K Bothe and T Dullweber and R Brendel}, editor = {WIP}, doi = {10.4229/27thEUPVSEC2012-2AO.1.5}, isbn = {3-936338-28-0}, year = {2012}, date = {2012-09-01}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference}, journal = {Proceedings of the 27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference}, pages = {557-560}, address = {Frankfurt, Germany}, keywords = {Etching, passivation, Screen printing, Silicon Solar Cell(s), Surface Roughness, Wet chemical polishing}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inproceedings} } |
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T. Dullweber, S. Gatz, H. Hannebauer, T. Falcon, R. Hesse, J. Schmidt, and R. Brendel Towards 20% efficient large-area screen-printed rear-passivated silicon solar cells* Artikel Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 20 (6), 630-638, (2012). Links | BibTeX | Schlagwörter: aluminium oxide, local Al contacts, PERC, print on print, Screen printing, silicon dioxide, silicon solar cells, surface passivation @article{Dullweber2012b,
title = {Towards 20% efficient large-area screen-printed rear-passivated silicon solar cells*}, author = {T Dullweber and S Gatz and H Hannebauer and T Falcon and R Hesse and J Schmidt and R Brendel}, doi = {10.1002/pip.1198}, year = {2012}, date = {2012-09-01}, journal = {Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications}, volume = {20}, number = {6}, pages = {630-638}, keywords = {aluminium oxide, local Al contacts, PERC, print on print, Screen printing, silicon dioxide, silicon solar cells, surface passivation}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } |
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J. Müller, S. Gatz, K. Bothe, and R. Brendel Optimizing the geometry of local aluminum-alloyed contacts to fully screen-printed silicon solar cells Inproceedings IEEE (Hrsg.): 2012 38th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference , 002223-002228, Austin, TX, USA, (2012), ISBN: 978-1-4673-0064-3. Links | BibTeX | Schlagwörter: Analytical Model, Analytical models, Current density, local Al alloyed contacts, metallization, Photovoltaic cells, Reflectivity, Resistance, Screen printing, silicon, silicon solar cells @inproceedings{Müller2012,
title = {Optimizing the geometry of local aluminum-alloyed contacts to fully screen-printed silicon solar cells}, author = {J Müller and S Gatz and K Bothe and R Brendel}, editor = {IEEE}, doi = {10.1109/PVSC.2012.6318038}, isbn = {978-1-4673-0064-3}, year = {2012}, date = {2012-06-01}, booktitle = {2012 38th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference }, pages = {002223-002228}, address = {Austin, TX, USA}, keywords = {Analytical Model, Analytical models, Current density, local Al alloyed contacts, metallization, Photovoltaic cells, Reflectivity, Resistance, Screen printing, silicon, silicon solar cells}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inproceedings} } |
2011 |
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T. Dullweber, S. Gatz, H. Hannebauer, T. Falcon, R. Hesse, J. Schmidt, and R. Brendel 19.4% -Efficient Large Area Rear-Passivated Screen-Printed Silicon Solar Cells Inproceedings WIP (Hrsg.): 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, 811-816, Hamburg, Germany, (2011), ISBN: 3-936338-27-2. Links | BibTeX | Schlagwörter: rear passivation, Screen printing, Silicon Solar Cell(s) @inproceedings{Dullweber2011,
title = {19.4% -Efficient Large Area Rear-Passivated Screen-Printed Silicon Solar Cells}, author = {T Dullweber and S Gatz and H Hannebauer and T Falcon and R Hesse and J Schmidt and R Brendel }, editor = {WIP}, doi = {10.4229/26thEUPVSEC2011-2BP.1.4}, isbn = {3-936338-27-2}, year = {2011}, date = {2011-09-01}, booktitle = {26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition}, pages = {811-816}, address = {Hamburg, Germany}, keywords = {rear passivation, Screen printing, Silicon Solar Cell(s)}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inproceedings} } |
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H. Hannebauer, T. Falcon, R. Hesse, T. Dullweber, and R. Brendel 18.9 %-Efficient Screen-Printed Solar Cells Applying a Print-on-Print Process Inproceedings WIP (Hrsg.): 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, 1607-1610, Hamburg, Germany, (2011), ISBN: 3-936338-27-2. Links | BibTeX | Schlagwörter: Metallisation, metallization, Screen printing, Shading @inproceedings{Hannebauer2011,
title = {18.9 %-Efficient Screen-Printed Solar Cells Applying a Print-on-Print Process}, author = {H Hannebauer and T Falcon and R Hesse and T Dullweber and R Brendel }, editor = {WIP}, doi = {10.4229/26thEUPVSEC2011-2BV.3.3}, isbn = {3-936338-27-2}, year = {2011}, date = {2011-09-01}, booktitle = {26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition}, pages = {1607-1610}, address = {Hamburg, Germany}, keywords = {Metallisation, metallization, Screen printing, Shading}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inproceedings} } |