@article{Schulte-Huxel2016,
title = {High-efficiency modules with passivated emitter and rear solar cells – an analysis of electrical and optical losses*},
author = {H Schulte-Huxel and R Witteck and H Holst and M R Vogt and S Blankemeyer and D Hinken and T Brendemühl and T Dullweber and K Bothe and M Köntges and R Brendel},
doi = {10.1109/JPHOTOV.2016.2614121},
issn = {2156-3381},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics},
volume = {7},
number = {1},
pages = {25-31},
abstract = {We process a photovoltaic (PV) module with 120 half passivated emitter and rear cells that exhibits an independently confirmed power of 303.2 W and a module efficiency of 20.2% (aperture area). The cells are optimized for operation within the module. We enhance light harvesting from the inactive spacing between the cells and the cell interconnect ribbons. Additionally, we reduce the inactive area to below 3% of the aperture module area. The impact of these measures is analyzed by ray-tracing simulations of the module. Using a numerical model, we analyze and predict the module performance based on the individual cell measurements and the optical simulations. We determine the power loss due to series interconnection of the solar cells to be 1.5%. This is compensated by a gain in current of 1.8% caused by the change of the optical environment of the cells in the module. We achieve a good agreement between simulations and experiments, both showing no cell-to-module power loss.},
keywords = {cell interconnection, Current measurement, loss analysis, Optical interconnections, Optical losses, passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC), photovoltaic (PV) module, Photovoltaic cells, Photovoltaic systems, ray tracing, Resistance, Silicon solar cell, Standards},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{Brendel2016b,
title = {Contact selectivity and efficiency in crystalline silicon photovoltaics},
author = {R Brendel and R Peibst},
doi = {10.1109/JPHOTOV.2016.2598267},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-11-01},
journal = {IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics},
volume = {6},
number = {6},
pages = {1413-1420},
abstract = {Highly doped junctions of a Si solar cell function as membranes that block minority carriers and, at the same time, provide a high conductivity for transporting majority carriers to the contacts. They are thus said to be selective contacts. We propose a quantitative definition for the selectivity of contacts. The selectivity provides a figure of merit for electron and hole contacts that is helpful in designing solar cells and in identifying the efficiency limiting components. Applying the definition of selectivity to poly-Si junctions reveals that the root cause of their high selectivity is the highly asymmetric carrier concentration rather than a specific contact geometry.},
keywords = {Contact resistance, Junctions, passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC), Photovoltaic cells, Photovoltaic systems, principle of solar cells, Resistance, selective contacts, silicon},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{Dullweber2016b,
title = {Industrial silicon solar cells applying the passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) concept – a review},
author = {T Dullweber and J Schmidt},
doi = {10.1109/JPHOTOV.2016.2571627},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-09-01},
journal = {IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics},
volume = {6},
number = {5},
pages = {1366-1381},
abstract = {Even though the passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) concept was introduced as a laboratory-type solar cell in 1989, it took 25 years to transfer this concept into industrial mass production. Today, PERC-type solar cells account for 10% of the worldwide produced solar cells, and their share is expected to rapidly increase up to 35% within the next few years. Record efficiencies up to 22.1% of industrial PERC cells approach an efficiency of 22.8% of the lab-type PERC cell in 1989. This paper reviews the most important research results and technological developments of the past 25 years, which enabled the successful transfer of the lab-type PERC concept into industrial mass production. Particular attention is paid to the development of AlOx /SiNy layer stacks with excellent rear surface passivation properties and low production costs. In addition, we summarize the most important research results and technological improvements of industrially processed local aluminum rear contacts. Furthermore, we describe the most relevant process flows to manufacture industrial PERC cells and address silicon wafer material requirements regarding high and stable charge carrier lifetimes. An outlook is provided on future development opportunities, which may further increase the conversion efficiency and the energy yield of industrial PERC solar cells.},
keywords = {AlOx, LBSF), light-induced degradation (LID), local aluminum back-surface field (Al-BSF, passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC), passivation, Phosphorus, Photovoltaic cells, Production, rear passivation, Screen printing, silicon, silicon solar cells},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{Müller2014b,
title = {Sensitivity Analysis of Industrial Multicrystalline PERC Silicon Solar Cells by Means of 3-D Device Simulation and Metamodeling},
author = {M Müller and P P Altermatt and H Wagner and G Fischer},
doi = {10.1109/JPHOTOV.2013.2287753},
issn = {2156-3381},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics},
volume = {4},
number = {1},
pages = {107-113},
keywords = {3-D device simulation, Analytical models, Computational modeling, Conductivity, Crystalline Si solar cells, Indexes, Metals, Metamodeling, passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC), Photovoltaic cells, sensitivity analysis},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}