21.
J Schmidt; M Winter; F Souren; J Bolding; H de Vries
Excellent Passivation of Silicon Surfaces by HfO2 Layers Deposited Using Scalable Spatial Atomic Layer Deposition Vortrag
Vienna, Austria, 25.09.2024, (41st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition).
@misc{Schmidt2024b,
title = {Excellent Passivation of Silicon Surfaces by HfO2 Layers Deposited Using Scalable Spatial Atomic Layer Deposition},
author = {J Schmidt and M Winter and F Souren and J Bolding and H de Vries},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-09-25},
address = {Vienna, Austria},
abstract = {Spatial Atomic Layer Deposition (SALD) had been successfully applied in the past for the Al2O3 surface passivation on silicon solar cells. In contrast to conventional sequential ALD techniques, as typically used in the labs, SALD allows for high deposition rates of a few nm per second, which are compatible with industrial solar cell production. In this contribution, we apply SALD for the first time to the electronic passivation of moderately doped (~1016 cm–3) p-type crystalline silicon surfaces with thin layers of hafnium oxide (HfO2). For 10 nm thick HfO2 layers annealed at 400°C in air, an effective surface recombination velocity Seff of only 4 cm/s is achieved, which is below what has been reported before using sequential ALD techniques. The one-sun implied open-circuit voltage amounts to iVoc = 727 mV. Firing is shown to reduce the passivation quality, however, by adding a capping layer of plasmaenhanced-chemical-vapor-deposited hydrogen-rich silicon nitride (SiNx) onto the HfO2, the firing stability is found to improve. The presented study demonstrates that SALD-deposited HfO2 layers and HfO2/SiNx stacks have the potential to evolve into an attractive surface passivation scheme for future silicon solar cells. },
note = {41st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {presentation}
}
Spatial Atomic Layer Deposition (SALD) had been successfully applied in the past for the Al2O3 surface passivation on silicon solar cells. In contrast to conventional sequential ALD techniques, as typically used in the labs, SALD allows for high deposition rates of a few nm per second, which are compatible with industrial solar cell production. In this contribution, we apply SALD for the first time to the electronic passivation of moderately doped (~1016 cm–3) p-type crystalline silicon surfaces with thin layers of hafnium oxide (HfO2). For 10 nm thick HfO2 layers annealed at 400°C in air, an effective surface recombination velocity Seff of only 4 cm/s is achieved, which is below what has been reported before using sequential ALD techniques. The one-sun implied open-circuit voltage amounts to iVoc = 727 mV. Firing is shown to reduce the passivation quality, however, by adding a capping layer of plasmaenhanced-chemical-vapor-deposited hydrogen-rich silicon nitride (SiNx) onto the HfO2, the firing stability is found to improve. The presented study demonstrates that SALD-deposited HfO2 layers and HfO2/SiNx stacks have the potential to evolve into an attractive surface passivation scheme for future silicon solar cells.
22.
W Wirtz; K Meyer; S Blankemeyer; T Daschinger; H Schulte-Huxel
Implementing Strain Relief for Improved Reliability of BIPV Modules Built on Aluminum Facade Elements Vortrag
Vienna, Austria, 24.09.2024, (41st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition).
@misc{Wirtz2024b,
title = {Implementing Strain Relief for Improved Reliability of BIPV Modules Built on Aluminum Facade Elements},
author = {W Wirtz and K Meyer and S Blankemeyer and T Daschinger and H Schulte-Huxel},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-09-24},
address = {Vienna, Austria},
abstract = {Integration of photovoltaic (PV) modules into building façades comes along with new available areas for PV, product diversity and challenges regarding their production and reliability due to new combinations of materials. Here, we investigate for example the combination of PV modules with aluminum on their rear side. Aluminum is a common material in the building industry and therefore interesting for adopting in building-integrated PV (BIPV). A big challenge is the combination of materials, e.g., glass, polymer sheet, silicon, copper and aluminum, with differing thermal expansion coefficients, which induces stresses under variation in temperature. Due to these stresses, the copper wires interconnecting the solar cells are ripped off from the cells or break under operating conditions with repeated temperature changes. As a consequence, the lifetime of BIPV modules with aluminum sheets on the rear side can be drastically reduced compared to standard PV modules. In this work, a new approach to reduce the thermal stress in the cell interconnectors and to prevent them from ripping off is presented. This method uses horizontal crimps in interconnection wires between two cells as strain relief. We produced several PV modules with aluminum sheets as rear covers to show the potential of the horizontal crimps. Industrial PERC solar cells are interconnected with and without crimps and stressed in thermal cycling. The ageing experiments show the longer lifetime of modules with crimped wires compared to modules with straight interconnection wires. The power degradation is slowed down by a factor of four until 400 temperature cycles. This is shown for modules containing strings out of three and ten M6 half cells, respectively, where the ten-half-cell strings degraded much faster due to higher induced stresses. Electroluminescence (EL) images support the current-voltage (IV) measurements and show that the cell interconnectors without a horizontal crimp gradually loose contact to the cells. Furthermore, the influence of having a front glass or polymer frontsheet on the stability during thermal cycling is investigated. When using a front glass, the power degradation is considerably slower than when using a polymer front sheet. In conclusion, a horizontal crimp in each interconnection wire increases the module lifetime in comparison to a straight wire interconnection and counteracts ripping off or fatigue breakage of copper wires in BIPV modules built on aluminum façade elements. },
note = {41st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {presentation}
}
Integration of photovoltaic (PV) modules into building façades comes along with new available areas for PV, product diversity and challenges regarding their production and reliability due to new combinations of materials. Here, we investigate for example the combination of PV modules with aluminum on their rear side. Aluminum is a common material in the building industry and therefore interesting for adopting in building-integrated PV (BIPV). A big challenge is the combination of materials, e.g., glass, polymer sheet, silicon, copper and aluminum, with differing thermal expansion coefficients, which induces stresses under variation in temperature. Due to these stresses, the copper wires interconnecting the solar cells are ripped off from the cells or break under operating conditions with repeated temperature changes. As a consequence, the lifetime of BIPV modules with aluminum sheets on the rear side can be drastically reduced compared to standard PV modules. In this work, a new approach to reduce the thermal stress in the cell interconnectors and to prevent them from ripping off is presented. This method uses horizontal crimps in interconnection wires between two cells as strain relief. We produced several PV modules with aluminum sheets as rear covers to show the potential of the horizontal crimps. Industrial PERC solar cells are interconnected with and without crimps and stressed in thermal cycling. The ageing experiments show the longer lifetime of modules with crimped wires compared to modules with straight interconnection wires. The power degradation is slowed down by a factor of four until 400 temperature cycles. This is shown for modules containing strings out of three and ten M6 half cells, respectively, where the ten-half-cell strings degraded much faster due to higher induced stresses. Electroluminescence (EL) images support the current-voltage (IV) measurements and show that the cell interconnectors without a horizontal crimp gradually loose contact to the cells. Furthermore, the influence of having a front glass or polymer frontsheet on the stability during thermal cycling is investigated. When using a front glass, the power degradation is considerably slower than when using a polymer front sheet. In conclusion, a horizontal crimp in each interconnection wire increases the module lifetime in comparison to a straight wire interconnection and counteracts ripping off or fatigue breakage of copper wires in BIPV modules built on aluminum façade elements.
23.
E Hoffmann; G Gregory; M Centazzo; M Khan; N Khan; V Mertens; S Spätlich; U Baumann; T Dullweber
Self-Aligned Phase Separation for IBC Cells Using PVD Polysilicon Vortrag
Vienna, Austria, 24.09.2024, (41st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition).
@misc{Hoffmann2024b,
title = {Self-Aligned Phase Separation for IBC Cells Using PVD Polysilicon},
author = {E Hoffmann and G Gregory and M Centazzo and M Khan and N Khan and V Mertens and S Spätlich and U Baumann and T Dullweber},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-09-24},
address = {Vienna, Austria},
abstract = {We introduce an innovative IBC solar cell process leveraging the directional deposition nature of doped polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) through physical vapor deposition (PVD). This method enables the self-alignment of passivated contacts, effectively separating the polarities. The self-aligned back contact (SABC) cell incorporates n-type and p-type passivated contacts, achieved through interfacial oxide (SiOX) and doped n- and p-type poly-Si layers respectively, arranged in an interdigitated design on the back side. The insulation between the p-type and n-type poly-Si layers requires only a single structuring process of the firstly deposited p-type poly-Si. The subsequent blanket deposition of n-type poly-Si by PVD remains insulated from the p-type poly-Si layer due to the self-alignment properties inherent in our structuring and deposition processes. The SABC target process sequence can be implemented into existing TOPCon manufacturing lines requiring only two additional processing tools. },
note = {41st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {presentation}
}
We introduce an innovative IBC solar cell process leveraging the directional deposition nature of doped polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) through physical vapor deposition (PVD). This method enables the self-alignment of passivated contacts, effectively separating the polarities. The self-aligned back contact (SABC) cell incorporates n-type and p-type passivated contacts, achieved through interfacial oxide (SiOX) and doped n- and p-type poly-Si layers respectively, arranged in an interdigitated design on the back side. The insulation between the p-type and n-type poly-Si layers requires only a single structuring process of the firstly deposited p-type poly-Si. The subsequent blanket deposition of n-type poly-Si by PVD remains insulated from the p-type poly-Si layer due to the self-alignment properties inherent in our structuring and deposition processes. The SABC target process sequence can be implemented into existing TOPCon manufacturing lines requiring only two additional processing tools.
24.
F Buchholz; D Tune; T Messmer; J Linke; M Prasad; J Ulbikas; A Dahle; M Meereboer; F Fabris; E Eikelboom; T Borgers; R Van Dyk; H Sivaramakrishnan; S Harrison; J Kester; J Kroon; V Mertens; T Dullweber; O Shochet; I Rosen; I Röver; W Palitzsch; Y Zaror; J Stierstorfer; A Radzevicius; P Lukinskas; J Denafas; T Vanhanen; T Savisalo; M Pospischil; M Breitenbücher; Ö Coşkun; M de l'Epine; P Macé
IBC4EU: First Results of Industrialization of Low Cost, High Efficiency IBC Technology Vortrag
Vienna, Austria, 24.09.2024, (41st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition).
@misc{Buchholz2024,
title = {IBC4EU: First Results of Industrialization of Low Cost, High Efficiency IBC Technology},
author = {F Buchholz and D Tune and T Messmer and J Linke and M Prasad and J Ulbikas and A Dahle and M Meereboer and F Fabris and E Eikelboom and T Borgers and R Van Dyk and H Sivaramakrishnan and S Harrison and J Kester and J Kroon and V Mertens and T Dullweber and O Shochet and I Rosen and I Röver and W Palitzsch and Y Zaror and J Stierstorfer and A Radzevicius and P Lukinskas and J Denafas and T Vanhanen and T Savisalo and M Pospischil and M Breitenbücher and Ö Coşkun and M de l'Epine and P Macé},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-09-24},
address = {Vienna, Austria},
abstract = {This paper introduces the Horizon Europe project IBC4EU with the goal to establish a European value chain based on innovative passivated contact back contact solar cells and modules. The two key solar cell technologies – POLO-IBC and polyZEBRA – are introduced. We present simulation studies and experiments on the suitability of bulk resistance ranges for use in the two solar cell concepts indicating best solar cell efficiencies for similarly low resistance values as standard TOPCon solar cells. The higher the minority carrier lifetime of the given material, the smaller this impact becomes. The p-type based solar cell (POLO-IBC) shows to require a more confined range that is slightly higher in sheet resistance than the standard PERC requirements. Reliability data on the cells (LeTID) and modules (DH, TC) proves the excellent long-term stability of the n-typed back contact cells and modules. In addition, an innovative way to interconnect the IBC cells based on printed conductive patterns printed on glass is introduced as well as a novel recycling route for state-of-the-art back contact solar cells.},
note = {41st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {presentation}
}
This paper introduces the Horizon Europe project IBC4EU with the goal to establish a European value chain based on innovative passivated contact back contact solar cells and modules. The two key solar cell technologies – POLO-IBC and polyZEBRA – are introduced. We present simulation studies and experiments on the suitability of bulk resistance ranges for use in the two solar cell concepts indicating best solar cell efficiencies for similarly low resistance values as standard TOPCon solar cells. The higher the minority carrier lifetime of the given material, the smaller this impact becomes. The p-type based solar cell (POLO-IBC) shows to require a more confined range that is slightly higher in sheet resistance than the standard PERC requirements. Reliability data on the cells (LeTID) and modules (DH, TC) proves the excellent long-term stability of the n-typed back contact cells and modules. In addition, an innovative way to interconnect the IBC cells based on printed conductive patterns printed on glass is introduced as well as a novel recycling route for state-of-the-art back contact solar cells.
25.
K Meyer; W Wirtz; S Blankemeyer; D Lorenz; F Klopp; H Schulte-Huxel
Bending of Building-Integrated PV (BIPV) Modules Based on Aluminum under Changing Temperature Conditions Vortrag
Vienna, Austria, 24.09.2024, (41st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition).
@misc{Meyer2024,
title = {Bending of Building-Integrated PV (BIPV) Modules Based on Aluminum under Changing Temperature Conditions},
author = {K Meyer and W Wirtz and S Blankemeyer and D Lorenz and F Klopp and H Schulte-Huxel},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-09-24},
address = {Vienna, Austria},
abstract = {Widespread integration of photovoltaics (PV) into surfaces that are so far not used for electrical power production ask for new designs and structures of PV modules. This comes along with challenges concerning their production [1, 2]. Aluminum is a common material in building industry and is so interesting for a use in building-integrated PV (BIPV) modules for façades. A big challenge with aluminum as rear cover of BIPV modules is the bending of the module after lamination due to the different thermal expansion coefficients of aluminum and glass. The glass is typically used as hail proof front cover. The bending of a module can be up to 5 cm using a 0.3 mm thick aluminum backsheet [3]. (i) First, we optimize the lamination process in order to minimize the bending and to investigate the dependence of the bending on and its initiation in the cooling process. The reference module has a front glass of 2 mm and an aluminum sheet of 1 mm on the rear side. A sunny-side up lamination resulted in a bending of 2.8 cm at room temperature. The starting point for the bending to show during cooling was around 80 °C. The bending was considerably reduced by active cooling of the module to 20 °C in the laminator under pressure of 1 bar from above resulting in a maximum bending of 1.2 cm. (ii) In the second part, we analyzed the bending of BIPV modules laminated on differently shaped aluminum sheets with a size of 130 x 25 x 0.1 cm³. We also replaced the lamination process by gluing modules on aluminum with an adhesive. Bending at room temperature is avoided by either gluing the modules or using square-shaped structures on both sides of the aluminum sheet (s. Fig. 1). (iii) Third, we investigated the influence of changing operating temperature conditions on the bending of the BIPV modules. Therefore, all samples were tested in a temperature range between -40 °C and +85 °C while the bending is monitored. At 85 °C, all samples had zero bending. At -40 °C, the modules are more bent than at room temperature independent of the modules being laminated or glued. A maximum bending of 7 cm is observed with the reference module, which means a five times higher bending compared to room temperature. The modules with a square-shaped design structure showed no bending even at -40 °C, independent of being laminated or glued. This adjusted module design probably improves long-term stability of BIPV modules with aluminum. },
note = {41st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {presentation}
}
Widespread integration of photovoltaics (PV) into surfaces that are so far not used for electrical power production ask for new designs and structures of PV modules. This comes along with challenges concerning their production [1, 2]. Aluminum is a common material in building industry and is so interesting for a use in building-integrated PV (BIPV) modules for façades. A big challenge with aluminum as rear cover of BIPV modules is the bending of the module after lamination due to the different thermal expansion coefficients of aluminum and glass. The glass is typically used as hail proof front cover. The bending of a module can be up to 5 cm using a 0.3 mm thick aluminum backsheet [3]. (i) First, we optimize the lamination process in order to minimize the bending and to investigate the dependence of the bending on and its initiation in the cooling process. The reference module has a front glass of 2 mm and an aluminum sheet of 1 mm on the rear side. A sunny-side up lamination resulted in a bending of 2.8 cm at room temperature. The starting point for the bending to show during cooling was around 80 °C. The bending was considerably reduced by active cooling of the module to 20 °C in the laminator under pressure of 1 bar from above resulting in a maximum bending of 1.2 cm. (ii) In the second part, we analyzed the bending of BIPV modules laminated on differently shaped aluminum sheets with a size of 130 x 25 x 0.1 cm³. We also replaced the lamination process by gluing modules on aluminum with an adhesive. Bending at room temperature is avoided by either gluing the modules or using square-shaped structures on both sides of the aluminum sheet (s. Fig. 1). (iii) Third, we investigated the influence of changing operating temperature conditions on the bending of the BIPV modules. Therefore, all samples were tested in a temperature range between -40 °C and +85 °C while the bending is monitored. At 85 °C, all samples had zero bending. At -40 °C, the modules are more bent than at room temperature independent of the modules being laminated or glued. A maximum bending of 7 cm is observed with the reference module, which means a five times higher bending compared to room temperature. The modules with a square-shaped design structure showed no bending even at -40 °C, independent of being laminated or glued. This adjusted module design probably improves long-term stability of BIPV modules with aluminum.
26.
T Dullweber; V Mertens; M Winter; S Schimanke; S Dorn; Y Larionova; J Schmidt; R Brendel; A K Dahle
Optimized Ga-Doped Cz Wafers for POLO IBC Solar Cells with High Efficiency and Minimal LeTID Degradation Vortrag
Vienna, Austria, 23.09.2024, (41st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition).
@misc{Dullweber2024,
title = {Optimized Ga-Doped Cz Wafers for POLO IBC Solar Cells with High Efficiency and Minimal LeTID Degradation},
author = {T Dullweber and V Mertens and M Winter and S Schimanke and S Dorn and Y Larionova and J Schmidt and R Brendel and A K Dahle},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-09-23},
address = {Vienna, Austria},
abstract = {The PV industry is using 0.4 to 0.8 Ωcm low-resistivity Ga-doped Cz wafers with carrier lifetimes < 700 µs for mass production of PERC and bifacial PERC+ cells. However, for our next-generation high-efficiency POLO IBC solar cells [1] Quokka3 simulations predict that higher Ga Cz wafer resistivities of 1.5 Ωcm with higher carrier lifetime will boost Voc and Jsc and increase the POLO IBC solar cell efficiency by 0.5%abs. up to 24.6%. Hence, in this abstract we investigate for the first time higher Ga-doped Cz wafer resistivities ranging from 0.7 to 4.6 Ωcm from a Cz ingot supplied by NorSun achieving carrier lifetimes up to 3 ms for application to POLO IBC solar cells processed at ISFH. The resulting POLO IBC solar cell (see schematics in Fig. 2) precursors without metal contacts exhibit excellent implied Voc (iVoc) values around 740 mV after processing over the whole wafer resistivity range with a best value of 745 mV at 2 Ωcm. Light soaking at 0.5 suns, 53°C, increases the iVoc by 3 mV corresponding to a low Fe concentration of 1.6×1010 cm-3 in the Ga wafers. We subject the POLO IBC iVoc samples to LeTID degradation conditions at 1 sun, 80°C, and measure a stable and high iVoc around 740 mV up to 10 hours of degradation time as shown in Fig. 1. The starting iVoc degradation towards 100 hours is caused by an increased J0 of the AlOx/SiN or SiOxNy/n-poly Si surface passivation which is subject to further investigation. Currently, we are processing full POLO IBC solar cells with different Ga wafer resistivities. The resulting IV parameters and LeTID properties will be presented at the EUPVSEC conference as well. },
note = {41st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {presentation}
}
The PV industry is using 0.4 to 0.8 Ωcm low-resistivity Ga-doped Cz wafers with carrier lifetimes < 700 µs for mass production of PERC and bifacial PERC+ cells. However, for our next-generation high-efficiency POLO IBC solar cells [1] Quokka3 simulations predict that higher Ga Cz wafer resistivities of 1.5 Ωcm with higher carrier lifetime will boost Voc and Jsc and increase the POLO IBC solar cell efficiency by 0.5%abs. up to 24.6%. Hence, in this abstract we investigate for the first time higher Ga-doped Cz wafer resistivities ranging from 0.7 to 4.6 Ωcm from a Cz ingot supplied by NorSun achieving carrier lifetimes up to 3 ms for application to POLO IBC solar cells processed at ISFH. The resulting POLO IBC solar cell (see schematics in Fig. 2) precursors without metal contacts exhibit excellent implied Voc (iVoc) values around 740 mV after processing over the whole wafer resistivity range with a best value of 745 mV at 2 Ωcm. Light soaking at 0.5 suns, 53°C, increases the iVoc by 3 mV corresponding to a low Fe concentration of 1.6×1010 cm-3 in the Ga wafers. We subject the POLO IBC iVoc samples to LeTID degradation conditions at 1 sun, 80°C, and measure a stable and high iVoc around 740 mV up to 10 hours of degradation time as shown in Fig. 1. The starting iVoc degradation towards 100 hours is caused by an increased J0 of the AlOx/SiN or SiOxNy/n-poly Si surface passivation which is subject to further investigation. Currently, we are processing full POLO IBC solar cells with different Ga wafer resistivities. The resulting IV parameters and LeTID properties will be presented at the EUPVSEC conference as well.
27.
B Min; P Noack; B Wattenberg; T Dippell; H Schulte-Huxel; R Peibst; R Brendel
Wet-Chemically Grown Interfacial Oxide for Passivating Contacts Fabricated with an Industrial Inline Processing System Vortrag
Vienna, Austria, 23.09.2024, (41st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition).
@misc{Min2024c,
title = {Wet-Chemically Grown Interfacial Oxide for Passivating Contacts Fabricated with an Industrial Inline Processing System},
author = {B Min and P Noack and B Wattenberg and T Dippell and H Schulte-Huxel and R Peibst and R Brendel},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-09-23},
urldate = {2024-09-23},
address = {Vienna, Austria},
abstract = {Passivating polysilicon on oxide (POLO) contacts are contributing significantly to increase the efficiency of industrial silicon solar cells towards 26 %. The current mass production applies mostly in-situ grown thermal interfacial oxides before the deposition of poly-Si in the low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) furnace. In contrast, wet-chemically grown interfacial oxides are an attractive alternative with potentially lower process costs and energy consumption. An inline system allows a particularly lean process flow. In this work, we present for the first time the application of wet-chemical interfacial oxide from an industrial inline processing system for poly-Si based passivating contacts. An excellent passivation quality is achieved by creating an interfacial oxide with very short exposure time of 90 s in ozonized water and by adjusting the annealing temperature in a tube furnace. The resulting surface recombination current density is 1.2 fA/cm2 after a hydrogenation step. This wet-chemical interfacial oxide is successfully implemented into POLO back junction solar cells on large area gallium-doped M2-sized p-type silicon wafers featuring a P-doped poly-Si based passivating contact at the rear side. The best cell has an efficiency of 23.6 % and an open-circuit voltage of 719 mV, independently confirmed by ISFH CalTeC. Our cost calculation shows a saving of up to 17.2 % in CAPEX, 5.2 % p.a. in OPEX and 9.0 % in the footprint if the interfacial oxide is formed by an inline wet-chemical processing system rather than in a plasma chamber. },
note = {41st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {presentation}
}
Passivating polysilicon on oxide (POLO) contacts are contributing significantly to increase the efficiency of industrial silicon solar cells towards 26 %. The current mass production applies mostly in-situ grown thermal interfacial oxides before the deposition of poly-Si in the low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) furnace. In contrast, wet-chemically grown interfacial oxides are an attractive alternative with potentially lower process costs and energy consumption. An inline system allows a particularly lean process flow. In this work, we present for the first time the application of wet-chemical interfacial oxide from an industrial inline processing system for poly-Si based passivating contacts. An excellent passivation quality is achieved by creating an interfacial oxide with very short exposure time of 90 s in ozonized water and by adjusting the annealing temperature in a tube furnace. The resulting surface recombination current density is 1.2 fA/cm2 after a hydrogenation step. This wet-chemical interfacial oxide is successfully implemented into POLO back junction solar cells on large area gallium-doped M2-sized p-type silicon wafers featuring a P-doped poly-Si based passivating contact at the rear side. The best cell has an efficiency of 23.6 % and an open-circuit voltage of 719 mV, independently confirmed by ISFH CalTeC. Our cost calculation shows a saving of up to 17.2 % in CAPEX, 5.2 % p.a. in OPEX and 9.0 % in the footprint if the interfacial oxide is formed by an inline wet-chemical processing system rather than in a plasma chamber.
28.
K Albrecht
Entwicklung eines Mehrfamilienhaus-Emulators für die Prüfung von Wohnungsstationen Vortrag
Hamburg, Germany, 20.09.2024, (2. Konferenz der Norddeutschen Wärmeforschung).
@misc{Albrecht2024,
title = {Entwicklung eines Mehrfamilienhaus-Emulators für die Prüfung von Wohnungsstationen},
author = {K Albrecht},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-09-20},
address = {Hamburg, Germany},
note = {2. Konferenz der Norddeutschen Wärmeforschung},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {presentation}
}
29.
J Jensen
Simulationsstudie zu temperaturbegrenzenden Kollektoren in solarthermischen Großanlagen Vortrag
Hamburg, Germany, 20.09.2024, (2. Konferenz der Norddeutschen Wärmeforschung).
@misc{Jensen2024b,
title = {Simulationsstudie zu temperaturbegrenzenden Kollektoren in solarthermischen Großanlagen},
author = {J Jensen},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-09-20},
address = {Hamburg, Germany},
note = {2. Konferenz der Norddeutschen Wärmeforschung},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {presentation}
}
30.
J Hoppe
Effiziente, erneuerbare und netzdienliche Quartiersversorgung durch Wärmepumpen Vortrag
Hamburg, Germany, 19.09.2024, (2. Konferenz der Norddeutschen Wärmeforschung).
@misc{Hoppe2024,
title = {Effiziente, erneuerbare und netzdienliche Quartiersversorgung durch Wärmepumpen},
author = {J Hoppe},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-09-19},
address = {Hamburg, Germany},
note = {2. Konferenz der Norddeutschen Wärmeforschung},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {presentation}
}
31.
J Walter
Untersuchung des Einflusses von Durchfluss-Trinkwassererwärmern auf die Effizienz von Wärmepumpenanlagen in der Simulationsumgebung TRNSYS Vortrag
Hamburg, Germany, 19.09.2024, (2. Konferenz der Norddeutschen Wärmeforschung).
@misc{Walter2024b,
title = {Untersuchung des Einflusses von Durchfluss-Trinkwassererwärmern auf die Effizienz von Wärmepumpenanlagen in der Simulationsumgebung TRNSYS},
author = {J Walter},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-09-19},
address = {Hamburg, Germany},
note = {2. Konferenz der Norddeutschen Wärmeforschung},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {presentation}
}
32.
R Puknat
Monitoring von Infrarotheizung und Wärmepumpe in Niedrigenergie- Familienhäusern Vortrag
Hamburg, Germany, 19.09.2024, (2. Konferenz der Norddeutschen Wärmeforschung).
@misc{Puknat2024,
title = {Monitoring von Infrarotheizung und Wärmepumpe in Niedrigenergie- Familienhäusern},
author = {R Puknat},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-09-19},
address = {Hamburg, Germany},
note = {2. Konferenz der Norddeutschen Wärmeforschung},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {presentation}
}
33.
M Gholipoor; M Rienaecker; X Liu; P Fassl; R Peibst; U W Paetzold
Three-Terminal Monolithic Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells Vortrag
Perugia, Italy, 16.09.2024, (7th International Conference on Perovskite Solar Cells and Optoelectronics (PSCO)).
@misc{Gholipoor2024,
title = {Three-Terminal Monolithic Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells},
author = {M Gholipoor and M Rienaecker and X Liu and P Fassl and R Peibst and U W Paetzold},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-09-16},
address = {Perugia, Italy},
note = {7th International Conference on Perovskite Solar Cells and Optoelectronics (PSCO)},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {presentation}
}
34.
B Grimm; V Barnscheidt; V Steckenreiter; A Raugewitz; F Haase; R Peibst; J Schmidt
Diffusion Lengths of Metal Halide Perovskites from Contactless QSSPC Vortrag
Perugia, Italy, 16.09.2024, (7th International Conference on Perovskite Solar Cells and Optoelectronics (PSCO)).
@misc{Grimm2024b,
title = {Diffusion Lengths of Metal Halide Perovskites from Contactless QSSPC},
author = {B Grimm and V Barnscheidt and V Steckenreiter and A Raugewitz and F Haase and R Peibst and J Schmidt},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-09-16},
address = {Perugia, Italy},
note = {7th International Conference on Perovskite Solar Cells and Optoelectronics (PSCO)},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {presentation}
}
35.
R Clausing; J Vollbrecht; A Haller; T Burgard; D T Cuzzupè; B Terheiden; R Peibst
Fast and scalable two-step pin-FAxCs1-xPbI3-x-yBry formation via gas-transport deposition for single-junction and tandem application Vortrag
Perugia, Italy, 16.09.2024, (7th International Conference on Perovskite Solar Cells and Optoelectronics (PSCO)).
@misc{Clausing2024b,
title = {Fast and scalable two-step pin-FAxCs1-xPbI3-x-yBry formation via gas-transport deposition for single-junction and tandem application},
author = {R Clausing and J Vollbrecht and A Haller and T Burgard and D T Cuzzupè and B Terheiden and R Peibst},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-09-16},
urldate = {2024-09-16},
address = {Perugia, Italy},
note = {7th International Conference on Perovskite Solar Cells and Optoelectronics (PSCO)},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {presentation}
}
36.
P Pärisch
Klimaschutz durch PVT-Wärmepumpen-Systeme: Einführung und Marktentwicklung Vortrag
Online Event, 04.09.2024, (Webinar organisiert von Deutsches Energieberater-Netzwerk e.V.).
@misc{Pärisch2024b,
title = {Klimaschutz durch PVT-Wärmepumpen-Systeme: Einführung und Marktentwicklung},
author = {P Pärisch},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-09-04},
address = {Online Event},
note = {Webinar organisiert von Deutsches Energieberater-Netzwerk e.V.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {presentation}
}
37.
B Chhugani
Wärmepumpen-Vergleichs-Tool für ökologischen und ökonomischen Vergleich von verschiedenen Heizsystemen Vortrag
Online Event, 04.09.2024, (Webinar organisiert von Deutsches Energieberater-Netzwerk e.V.).
@misc{Chhugani2024e,
title = {Wärmepumpen-Vergleichs-Tool für ökologischen und ökonomischen Vergleich von verschiedenen Heizsystemen},
author = {B Chhugani},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-09-04},
address = {Online Event},
note = {Webinar organisiert von Deutsches Energieberater-Netzwerk e.V.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {presentation}
}
38.
M Schlemminger; C Lohr; F Peterssen; D Bredemeier; R Niepelt; A Bensmann; R Hanke-Rauschenbach; M H Breitner; R Brendel
Land competition and its impact on decarbonized energy systems: A case study for Germany Artikel
In: Energy Strategy Reviews, Bd. 55, S. 101502, 2024, ISSN: 2211-467X.
@article{Schlemminger2024c,
title = {Land competition and its impact on decarbonized energy systems: A case study for Germany},
author = {M Schlemminger and C Lohr and F Peterssen and D Bredemeier and R Niepelt and A Bensmann and R Hanke-Rauschenbach and M H Breitner and R Brendel},
doi = {10.1016/j.esr.2024.101502},
issn = {2211-467X},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-09-01},
urldate = {2024-09-01},
journal = {Energy Strategy Reviews},
volume = {55},
pages = {101502},
abstract = {In densely populated countries, land competition is a key challenge in light of a growing population and the land-intensive decarbonization of energy supply. We apply an energy system model using linear optimization to Germany as an example for a densely populated and industrialized nation with a high energy demand to show how land competition affects the economics of land-intensive renewable energies. Bioenergy crops are currently cultivated on 6.5% of Germany’s land area. We find that allocating only 6% of the total land to the future energy system, which is even less than the current allocation to bioenergy crops, allows for a system that is close to the cost-minimum that we calculate when not restricting the land area. This 6% of the land area is divided into 4% for photovoltaics (PV), 2% for onshore wind and 0% for bioenergy crops. This would save 15billion€/a (15.1%) relative to the system that matches current political targets for utility-scale PV. For areas exceeding this 6%, we find that the most cost-efficient utilization comes from bioenergy crops, but they only add value to the energy system if there is plenty of land available. The value of land to the energy system is at least twice as high for 0% remaining emissions when compared to the case of 10% remaining green house gas emissions, although both scenarios are separated by less than five years according to current German law. Both our findings underline that considering the value of land as early as possible is necessary when developing state policies that shall lead to cost-efficient renewable energy systems.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In densely populated countries, land competition is a key challenge in light of a growing population and the land-intensive decarbonization of energy supply. We apply an energy system model using linear optimization to Germany as an example for a densely populated and industrialized nation with a high energy demand to show how land competition affects the economics of land-intensive renewable energies. Bioenergy crops are currently cultivated on 6.5% of Germany’s land area. We find that allocating only 6% of the total land to the future energy system, which is even less than the current allocation to bioenergy crops, allows for a system that is close to the cost-minimum that we calculate when not restricting the land area. This 6% of the land area is divided into 4% for photovoltaics (PV), 2% for onshore wind and 0% for bioenergy crops. This would save 15billion€/a (15.1%) relative to the system that matches current political targets for utility-scale PV. For areas exceeding this 6%, we find that the most cost-efficient utilization comes from bioenergy crops, but they only add value to the energy system if there is plenty of land available. The value of land to the energy system is at least twice as high for 0% remaining emissions when compared to the case of 10% remaining green house gas emissions, although both scenarios are separated by less than five years according to current German law. Both our findings underline that considering the value of land as early as possible is necessary when developing state policies that shall lead to cost-efficient renewable energy systems.
39.
F Peterssen; M Schlemminger; C Lohr; R Niepelt; R Hanke-Rauschenbach; R Brendel
Impact of forecasting on energy system optimization Artikel
In: Advances in Applied Energy, Bd. 15, S. 100181, 2024, ISSN: 2666-7924.
@article{Peterssen2024,
title = {Impact of forecasting on energy system optimization},
author = {F Peterssen and M Schlemminger and C Lohr and R Niepelt and R Hanke-Rauschenbach and R Brendel},
doi = {10.1016/j.adapen.2024.100181},
issn = {2666-7924},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-09-01},
urldate = {2024-01-01},
journal = {Advances in Applied Energy},
volume = {15},
pages = {100181},
abstract = {Linear programs are frequently employed to optimize national energy system models, which are used to find a minimum-cost energy system. For the operation, they assume perfect forecasting of the weather and demands over the whole optimization horizon and can therefore perfectly fit the energy systems’ design and operation. Therefore, they will yield lower costs than any real energy system that only has partial forecasting available. We compare linear programming with a priority list, a heuristic operation strategy which uses no forecasting at all, in a model of a climate-neutral German energy system. We find a 28% more expensive energy system under the priority list. Optimizing the same energy system model with both strategies envelopes the cost and design of any energy system that has partial forecasting. We demonstrate this by incorporating some rudimentary forecasting into a modified priority list, which actually reduces the gap to 22%. This is thus an approach to find an upper bound for how much a linear program possibly underestimates the costs of a real energy system in Germany in regard to imperfect forecasting. We also find that the two approaches differ mainly in the dimensioning and operation of energy storage. The priority list yields 63% less batteries, 73% less thermal storage and 54% more hydrogen storage. The use of renewables and other components in the system is very similar.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Linear programs are frequently employed to optimize national energy system models, which are used to find a minimum-cost energy system. For the operation, they assume perfect forecasting of the weather and demands over the whole optimization horizon and can therefore perfectly fit the energy systems’ design and operation. Therefore, they will yield lower costs than any real energy system that only has partial forecasting available. We compare linear programming with a priority list, a heuristic operation strategy which uses no forecasting at all, in a model of a climate-neutral German energy system. We find a 28% more expensive energy system under the priority list. Optimizing the same energy system model with both strategies envelopes the cost and design of any energy system that has partial forecasting. We demonstrate this by incorporating some rudimentary forecasting into a modified priority list, which actually reduces the gap to 22%. This is thus an approach to find an upper bound for how much a linear program possibly underestimates the costs of a real energy system in Germany in regard to imperfect forecasting. We also find that the two approaches differ mainly in the dimensioning and operation of energy storage. The priority list yields 63% less batteries, 73% less thermal storage and 54% more hydrogen storage. The use of renewables and other components in the system is very similar.
40.
J Walter
Investigation of the Influence of Instantaneous Water Heaters on the Efficiency of (Regenerative) Central Heating Systems in the Simulation Environment TRNSYS Vortrag
Limassol, Cyprus, 26.08.2024, (EuroSun 2024).
@misc{Walter2024c,
title = {Investigation of the Influence of Instantaneous Water Heaters on the Efficiency of (Regenerative) Central Heating Systems in the Simulation Environment TRNSYS},
author = {J Walter},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-08-26},
address = {Limassol, Cyprus},
note = {EuroSun 2024},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {presentation}
}